The Good and Bad of Precast Piles

The most common type of them, a precast concrete pile is a deep foundation used to transfer loads from a upper, soft layer of soil to a hardar, capable lower layer. They can be rectangular, square, round or polygonal in shape. Extra reinforcements are provided in the concrete so as to provide support for the forces received before the instalent.

The precast concrete piles are constructed in a casting yard. Then they are transported to the required location and installed as necessary.

They are constructed by pouring the concrete in a conventional reinforcement cage. This has several steel bars in horizontal and vertical positions, held together by individual or spiral ties.

Types of Precast Concrete Piles

There are two main categories into which we can divide:

1. Driven Precast Concrete Piles

It is precast in a construction yard and then hammered into the soft ground at the target location. At most they can go up to 40 feet deep.

2. Bored Precast Concrete Piles

After they are made in the construction yard, they are transferred to the target location. The location already has boreholes for the piles; they are just lowered into these holes. Any space remaining between the bore hole and the pile is grouted.

Difference between the Driven and Bored Precast Concrete Piles

1. Bored piles are better in urban locations since they avoid the noise and vibrations caused by vibrators.
2. The bore hole can be as deep as necessary, or as deep as the machinery can go. Unlike driven piles, the bore piles have no depth limit.
3. Driven piles can be established quickly.
4. Driven piles can be easily used underwater.

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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5 Important Points About Preparing Slabs

Concrete Floor Slab is a basic component that comes in numerous structures. The most common ones are the slab-on-grade and suspended slabs. Slab on grade or commonly called SOG is a concrete slab put on the head of completely compacted earth materials.

Suspended slabs, on the other hand, are elevated slabs that structure the tales on each building and rooftop decks. Appropriate elevations and leveling must be done on throwing concrete slabs. Along these lines, settlement because of self-weight loads and other outer power incited by the structure must be considered before the genuine throwing of the slabs, particularly for suspended slabs.

1. Estimating steel bars to deliver on-site

Setting up an estimate to convey on-site must be planned relying upon the need on-site. Venture engineers base the estimate to convey on a list pre-orchestrated by the quantity surveyors. Some venture engineers want to have their individual site engineers check the assessments of the quantity surveyors and contrast it with the real number of steel bars required on-site.

More often than not, the information given by the site engineers wins and is utilized by the obtainment group on acquiring the all out number of steel bars. Besides, engineers consider including at any rate 10% of the genuine assessments as a wastage factor.

As a custom on site, venture engineers and directors have a few steel bar providers; should one provider come up short, the individual has the second provider to deal with.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Dust and Debris Affecting Healthcare Construction: Preventive Guide Released

One of the several healthcare providers for construction workers, the University of Virginia Health System, has released an outline for infection control policies and procedures on Friday. This was done as an effort to minimize the impact of construction project environments on the health of the building workers present on site most of the time. 

This system of strict health observation required training and following guidelines to a dot. These guidelines are to be followed by the workers on the field during the construction process. The strictness and methods in the guide may vary depending upon the risk level of the construction worker doing a specific job.

The gist of the guidelines are counted out as follows.

1. Use negative pressure systems monitored with a continuous-read negative air pressure monitor, smoke test with daily log or handheld manometer with daily log.
2. Wait for patients to be removed before work begins in certain areas.
3. Replace displaced ceiling tiles.
4. Cleanup after work is complete by either wiping down the area or by using a HEPA ​(high-efficiency particulate air) vacuum.
5. Use approved ICRA (Infection Control Risk Assessment) containment barriers.
6. Control dust while cutting using water mist, a HEPA vacuum or other effective measures.
7. Seal unused doors with painters' tape.
8. Use dust control mats and all points of access.
9. Transport construction waste out of the work area using clean containers with hard covers.
10. Isolate the HVAC system in areas where work is going on to prevent contamination of the ducts system.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Anti-seismic Construction: Top 5 Earthquake Resistant Structures in the World

The numero uno enemy of the construction industry is earthquakes. Seismic activities can demolish years of hard work in a deadly minute. That is why building earthquake resistant structures is so important.

Constructing aseismic buildings is vital for areas where seismic activity is high but you have to build there anyway. It is also mandatory for tall structures, because a slight vibration in the soil may sway the top violently.

Understanding Earthquakes in Construction Industry

Knowing why seismic activities occur and how can they hurt a building is integral to building earthquake resistant structures. Let us look into it in brief below.

How does an earthquake happen

The old saying goes, “know thy enemy.” And so, every civil engineer worth his salt must learn about the reason behind seismic activities. This will help them immensely in building earthquake resistant structures.

The crust of our planet is divided into several “plates”. These are called tectonic plates and they float around. This process is so slow that we can’t feel it. However, the problem occurs when one of these plates touches another.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Earthquake Prevention in Construction Industry of India

Earthquakes are among the most devastating of nature’s curses, more scary than anything else because you almost never see it coming. Any country that goes through frequent quakes tries hard to find the solution. India is no exception either. Today, we will look into what is the situation about earthquake prevention in India.

Sitting right on top of one of the major fault lines in the world, the indian subcontinent suffers some of the greatest earthquakes. Those devastating seismic activities in the last century have motivated us to look into scientific solutions to earthquakes. This led to the creation of the first building codes specifically for earthquake resistant housing, in 1935, which were compounded with strengthening guides in 1941.

The Seismic Hazard

Most of the matter inside Earth is molten rock. Lava, that is. This molten sea has currents in it like the sea above, only slower, but just as sure. The hard crust of the earth floats on top of this lava ball. And the plates of the crust move with the lava flow underneath.

The problem is that this movement is not uniform across the world. Some plates move faster in one place and slower in another side. This causes friction and collision between plates. Indeed, one such monstrous collision is what gave birth to the Himalayas. Which incredibly is still going on.

And these frictions are exactly what causes the earthquakes.

As I said above, the worst thing about earthquakes is their unpredictability. We know the geological fault lines, yes, but we have woefully few data about the movement along the lines. So, we get to make next to no prediction about seismic activity, and their magnitude. 

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Design and analysis of Retaining Wall

This construction article presents some useful tips for designing and examining retaining wall for foundation.

Dimensions of base from stress considerations:

The base width b concerning the retaining wall must be selected carefully in order that the ratio of length of the toe slab to the base width should be maintained in such a manner that the stress p1 at the toe should not surpass the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

The topics covered:

1. Design for conventional retaining wall
2. Retaining Wall Design – Proportioning
3. Earth Pressure on Retaining Wall
4. Equivalent Fluid Method
5. Retaining Walls with backfill slope of finite distance
6. Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls with backfill Slope of finite distance
7. Stability of retaining wall
8. Check Against Overturning
9. Check Against Sliding
10. Alternatives for improving FOS against sliding



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Repairing Concrete Damages in Reinforced Structures

There are sure advances that should be considered so as to choose whether abandoned concrete needs repair or not, and determine legitimate repair procedure and material if repairing is required.

These repair steps would guarantee a fruitful repairing process that is done proficiently and successfully without exercise in futility and cash. Repair of concrete is required every once in a while as the structure gets old because of a few reasons. These steps are discussed below.

1. Decide Causes of Concrete Defects: The assurance of makes that drove the deformity ought to be done appropriately so as to handle the issue. In the event that the reason for damage is killed or declined, as it were, the repaired basic part would be increasingly solid and have a more extended assistance existence without the requirement for upkeep.

Be that as it may, in the event that the mindful factor of concrete damage can't, at that point a similar concrete imperfection can rehash itself later on and may bring about the misuse of cash and endeavors.

It ought to be realized that multiply or a few elements may add to the concrete deformity viable. Right now, the elements should be managed in any case the repair work would not meet its objectives.

Variables that may adversely affect the solidness and uprightness of the concrete structures are awful climate, cavitation, scraped area, fortification erosion, synthetics assaults, carbonation, breaks, plan and development deformities, and maturing of the structure.


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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Different types of BBS shape codes for steel

Sami Ullah, the renowned civil engineer, presents this useful video tutorial in civil engineering youtube channel. In this video, the detail process is given for finding out the quantity of steel as well as shape codes for the steel bars.

Shape codes are considered as the basis of a proper bar bending schedule.

While going to estimate the reinforcement detailing for various members concerning a building, small bent ups and other angle detailing should be considered in the calculation to produce valid and cost-effective bar bending schedule.

It will significantly reduce the cost and wastage of reinforcement.

In beams & slabs there exist various bent ups, cuttings, and development lengths. Each and every bend and angle presented in the member is the outcome of design calculation. Therefore, these should be carefully enforced in practice.

For small projects, it is unnecessary to compute these details, just include a few more inches and work out the Bar Bending Schedule.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Staircase Dimensions - How to Calculate Properly

Staircase measurements are a significant piece of staircase security. This page covers the entirety of the significant staircase estimations and a slip-up to keep an eye out for! Staircase dimensions are an important part of staircase safety. Here isn this article we cover all of the important staircase measurements and mistakes not to ignore.

Treads and Risers: The tread size (min 10ins/25.4cm) is directed by the normal grown-up foot size, despite the fact that it isn't important to have the option to accommodate your whole foot on a tread all together for strolling up the stairs to be both agreeable and safe.

The riser height (max 7¾ins/19.7cm) is constrained by the manner by which we descend the stairs. Things being what they are, you could move up definitely more than 7¾ inches effectively and you could descend unquestionably more than 7¾ inches effectively on the off chance that you are confronting in reverse. The rungs of a stepping stool are set at progressively like 12ins/30cm separated. However, we go down the stairs confronting advances, and it's this that restrains the riser size to being a lot smaller.

The most extreme measurement between balusters is 6ins/15.2cm. I don't know for certain what this depends on, however I'm thinking the thought is that it shouldn't be anything but difficult to get a foot or arm caught in the middle of a baluster. Having said that there are a lot of staircase plans where the external handrail has greater holes or is missing through and through.

Staircase estimations: To compute the run of the stairs, just duplicate the tread measurement (guarantee this does exclude the nose - see underneath) by the quantity of steps.

To figure the rise of the stairs, increase the rise measurement by the quantity of steps.

Or on the other hand, to turn out what number of steps you need, take your ceiling height and separation by suppose 16 to begin with. On the off chance that you think of a riser that is a sensible size and not exactly the greatest measurement shown above you need 16 stages. Have a go at partitioning your ceiling height by different numbers until you concoct a riser measurement that works.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Structural Load Analysis of a Construction

Structural analysis is a significant piece of a design of structures and other constructed resources, for example, scaffolds and passages, as structural loads can cause pressure, twisting and uprooting that may bring about structural issues or even disappointment.

The structure guidelines necessitate that structures must be designed and worked to have the option to withstand all load types that they are probably going to look at during their lifecycle.

There are various sorts of load that can follow up on a structure, the nature of which will change as indicated by the design, use, area and materials being utilized. Design necessities are commonly indicated as far as the greatest loads that a structure must have the option to withstand.

Loads are commonly named either dead loads (DL) or live loads (LL). Dead loads allude to the structure's self weight and for the most part stay consistent during the structure's life. Live loads, for example, traffic loads may fluctuate.

Loads may likewise be classified as:

Concentrated loads (or point loads): Single loads that demonstration over a generally little zone, for example, column loads.

Line loads: Loads apply a load along a line, for example, a parcel's weight on the floor.

Distributed (or surface) loads: These apply a load over a surface zone, for example, the heaviness of floors and roofing materials.

Dead loads (DL): Dead loads, otherwise called perpetual or static loads, are those overwhelmingly connected with the heaviness of the structure itself, and thus stay stationary and moderately consistent after some time. Dead loads may incorporate the heaviness of any structural components, lasting non-structural segments, relentless installations, for example, plasterboard, worked in cabinets, etc.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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The Goa-Karnataka Highway Project to Start Soon

The IRB Infrastructure Developers Ltd. have announced the commissioning of the Goa-Karnataka Border Highway to Kundapur on Wednesday. The highway is to have four lanes and have a concession life of 28 years. The projected cost of the construction is Rs. 3447 crore.

One of the biggest private companies in India to build road infrastructure, the IRB has constructed over 12600 kilometers of lanes already. With impeccable reputation, they seem to be well-suited to handle this project. With this project commissioned, all the 12 projects under the company’s wing presently ongoing are going to be revenue generating.

The actual commissioning is done by the IRB Westcoast Tollway, a subsidiary of IRB Infrastructure. They have commissioned the Goa-Karnataka Border to Kundapur 4-lane highway project. Thus it will be open for vehicular traffic.

Features of the project:

Total length of serviceable road: 61.26 km
Pedestrian underpasses: 9
Vehicular underpasses: 3
Flyovers: 4
Minor bridges: 39
Major bridges: 14
Intersections with other roads: 23
Culverts and similar passes: 573
line over bridges: 3
Toll fee collection plazas: 3
Concessional life: 28 years
Estimated total cost of construction: Rs. 3,447 crore

The company chairman and managing director Virendra D Mahaiskar said, “We are happy to commission the important coast highway infrastructure link between West and South India. We believe that the project would bring the world class and safe commuting experience of the highway infrastructure in India.”



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to Calculate the Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil

It is extremely important to figure out the safe bearing capacity of the soil at the construction site. If this is not done properly, the structure may settle, and the building may get damaged, or even collapse. For this reason, we perform various tests to find out the safe bearing capacity of the soil. Today, let us see how we can do this.

The safe bearing capacity of soil is defined as the maximum load per unit area that the soil can bear without any displacement or settlement. This is measured in terms of kilograms per square centimeter. If the load exceeds this mark, the soil will start to displace or break. This will lead to structure settlement, which can end up in destructive results.

Formula:
Safe bearing capacity of soil = (ultimate bearing capacity)/(Cross-section area x Factor of safety)

Explanation: The ultimate bearing capacity of the soil is the point at which the soil starts to displace under load.

Any soil can take up to a certain amount of load only, after which it starts to settle or displace.

The cross-section area is the area of soil on site on which the tests are being performed. It can be a square meter in general practice.

The factor of safety indicates how safe the soil capacity results must be before considering a certain type of construction. Naturally, it depends upon the type of building being constructed. It is kept at 2 for general civil constructions and 3 for high-rise or heavy constructions.


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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Contemporary 3BHK Duplex House Design

Today we will review the design of Arabella, a contemporary 3BHK duplex. It is a rather small house with a space-saving design, which puts the living area in the ground floor and the sleeping area on the first floor. The total livable area in this house is 232 square meters. On top of that, you have a roof deck.

The Arabella design is suitable to build in any plot with 176 square meters of area. The Building is attached with a one-side firewall. The front of the plot must have at least 11.5 meters of clearing.

1. Advantages of of the design
2. Modern looks
3. Suitable for urban areas
4. Suitable for seasides and mountainsides
5. Roof deck offers panoramic view of surroundings and sky

Color scheme suitable for this design: The walls should be painted a stark or mellow white, including the main wall. Accents should be painted a dark color contrasting with the walls, but not clashing contrast.

Other areas like roof bars and doors should have light earth colors like wood finish. Large aluminum framed windows should have dark gray frames and dark glasses in order to imbue more depth of field to the white walls.

Ground Floor Plan: Ground floor plan of the Arabella design consists of the living and utility area. It has: living room, dining, kitchen, common toilet and bath. Outdoors building will consist of the garage, lanai, porch, service/laundry area.


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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Minimum Foundation Depth for Houses

The foundation of a house is what holds the structure up, carries its entire weight. When you try to design a new building, you must consider how deep the foundation should be in order to properly support the building. This is called the foundation depth. It is measured by the vertical distance between the footing and the natural ground surface.

Expansive Soil: One thing to be kept in mind here that light soil has expansive properties. Due to wet and dry weathers, the soil can inflate and condense accordingly. This changes the effective natural ground surface level.

As a rule of thumb, foundations are placed under this level of soil, where such changes do not occur. That is about a meter in depth, in most cases.

However, this can be significantly higher if you have expansive soil or black cotton soil on site. This type of soil can take a load of 200-300 kpa only. Any more and the building will settle.

Groundwater Under Soil: Also, another thing to be kept in mind when deciding the minimum foundation depth is the presence of water under the ground. If the groundwater table is close to the foundation, then the soil under the foundation can flow around.

Water seeps up into the soil and makes it weak. To resist this, the bottom of the footing should be placed at a deep enough place where groundwater does not seep into the soil any more.

Cold Regions: Frost changes the nature of soil. It heaves the soil upward and that may create cavities underground. For this reason, in cold regions where snowing and/or ground frosts are normal, the foundations for outside columns or walls should be placed below the level down to which frost can affect the soil.

In the northern US, this can be as deep as 1.5 meters. Further, if the internal walls are heated, then the outer walls would require a deeper foundation so that the heat does not alter the soil properties.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to Control Reinforcement Activities On-site

It is imperative to control reinforcement activities in a building construction site. Otherwise the building may get damaged due to any shift in loads, or may simply break down at the slightest seismic activity.

First of all, you need to hire one or more qualified engineers to oversee different parts of the construction process. Aslo, you need to assign as many assistants as necessary to them.

A. Planning Phase: You need to study the documents concerning the project carefully as to divine the exact requirements. You also have to make sure the planning goes according to technical specifications. Then locate the provisions regarding mode of measurement in item fee agreement.

Check the objects payable which includes reinforcement, and whether or not laps, spacers and chairs are payable or inclusive. Arrange the required applicable codes,requirements and different related documents at the website for reference and study.

Study the tender drawings without fail. Calculate quantity as in keeping with the preliminary drawings, Dia clever and grade sensible. Mastermind the necessary pertinent codes, standards and other related archives at site for reference and study.

Study the delicate drawings without fail.Calculate amount according to the starter drawings, Dia savvy and grade insightful. Set up the monthly shrewd obtainment plan according to the development plan. Get ready to obtain a calendar of authoritative alongside support plan.

Plan for spread squares and joins (whenever required) ahead of time to get the required quality of spread squares thrown at site. Get Dia shrewd and grade savvy amounts from creator for singular amount contract if drawings were not accessible at starting phases of undertaking for arranging acquisition.

Permit a stock of 45 days while arranging obtainment or relying on the accessibility. Indent just 90% of amounts of absolute necessity till you have every endorsed attracting to keep away from varieties because of configuration/drawing corrections.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Safety Plan for Concrete Formwork

Safety first! The age-old construction motto has never wavered even in modern days. Accordingly, it is in effect also when planning for formwork systems. A proper plan that observes safety protocols strictly will let you avoid undesirable circumstances arising in work. Also, it will reduce the chance of accidental happenings.

Work supervision, equipment utilization and construction procedures all must ensure the safety of the workers. Not only that, the plans need to be laid out in such a manner that the people using the building will not come under any foreseeable accident. Designers, planners, and engineers all must conform to well-established safety standards such as OSHA in order to ensure proper safety and security.

Let us see now the various facets of Concrete Formwork.

1. Supervision and Inspection: Proper supervision of work is of paramount importance while work is going on in order to ensure that all safety protocols are being obeyed. This comes active in times of formwork placement, concrete pouring, and formwork stripping.

Not only this, modifications in field on the falsework, erection procedure and forms should always be properly inspected first. Always, these should be done only after the principal designer has given the green signal to them. The load on the formwork needs to be sharply observed at all times lest it breaks down under excessive loads it was not designed to uphold.

2. Platforms and Access for Workers: For work required at elevated positions, worker-accessible platforms need to be raised. These platforms and the pathways to access them should be very carefully erected. Ladders need to have proper rest on solid structures at the top, or need to fastened in case they are very long.

Some of the particularly tricky structures such as bridges may require special scaffolding or safety nets in order to ensure proper access and prevention of accidents. These scaffolds, platforms, or other access means must conform with OSHA standards.

Unauthorized individuals, onlookers and loiters are not only a distraction to work, but they can actually bring or become trouble to everyone involved. To prevent this, barriers and safety signs need to be placed around the construction site from the very beginning of work.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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About Precast Concrete Piles - the Pros and Cons

The most common type of them, a precast concrete pile is a deep foundation used to transfer loads from a upper, soft layer of soil to a hardar, capable lower layer. They can be rectangular, square, round or polygonal in shape. Extra reinforcements are provided in the concrete so as to provide support for the forces received before the instalent.

The precast concrete piles are constructed in a casting yard. Then they are transported to the required location and installed as necessary. They are constructed by pouring the concrete in a conventional reinforcement cage. This has several steel bars in horizontal and vertical positions, held together by individual or spiral ties.

Types of Precast Concrete Piles - There are two main categories into which we can divide:

1. Driven Precast Concrete Piles: It is precast in a construction yard and then hammered into the soft ground at the target location. At most they can go up to 40 feet deep.

2. Bored Precast Concrete Piles: After they are made in the construction yard, they are transferred to the target location. The location already has boreholes for the piles; they are just lowered into these holes. Any space remaining between the bore hole and the pile is grouted.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Permanent and Temporary Works at Construction Sites

Every day, millions of people work in various construction sites in our Country. By its very nature, a building or heavy construction site is not a safe place. There is always the danger of some accidents, dust and dirt, contamination, burning, hearing damage, and many other issues. So, let us see today how you can maintain your personal safety and hygiene in a construction site.

A. Eye Protection: There are lots of dust and small particles floating on air in a construction site. Some of them are quite damaging to your eye and retina. Therefore, you should always wear protective eyewear in a construction site. I mean actually wear them - not just hang them on your neck just because it’s a regulation!

Additionally, you have to wear special eyewear where welding is going on in a building site. The light of the welding is extremely bright. Looking directly at it can substantially damage your cornea.

Furthermore, you should take proper care of your eyewear. The eyes are a very vulnerable area of your body and they can get infected easily. For this reason, always clean your eyewear thoroughly before and after wearing it. Also, make sure the device is in proper working condition. Replace a damaged eyewear immediately.

B. Ear Protection: A construction site is always full of noises. There are cranes and other heavy machinery working, pumps and generators running, saws cutting steel, welding going on, and whatnot. For this reason, proper noise suppressing headphones are supplied to workers in such situations. Wear them! They are not just for show.

Many times, in widespread large construction projects, communication headsets double as protective earphones. This serves the team to stay in contact with the supervisors at all times and be protected from harsh, loud noise as well.

Sometimes, instead of using noise-suppressing earmuffs, the company supplies disposable earplugs. Do not reuse these! They get very dirty with all the earwax and they also absorb the oil. So, washing them is futile - they will still be dirty.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Nature of Ground Movement Due to Earthquakes

Earthquakes are terrible natural disasters that occur due to movements in the tectonic plates. The ground moves due to the earthquakes. Since earthquakes can be gentle to violent, the ground movement can be marginal to devastating as a result. This moves the building vertically and horizontally, both of which creates considerable strain on the structure.

Of course, the exact magnitude of the shaking and shifting that a building experiences depends upon how far it is from the epicenter the the quake. Earthquakes create seismic waves that carry through the ground, and they weaken in power as they traverse the distance, finally getting completely absorbed.

The seismic waves travel faster through hard rock and slower through soft soil. However, when it transits from rock to soil, the strength of the wave increases. So, it really doesn’t matter whether you are on soft ground or hard - you will still be hit with considerable power, if you’re close to the center.

Understanding the nature of the waves generally occurring in a location gives rise to plans of how to combat it properly. This gives us knowledge and ways to construct a building properly so that common earthquakes cannot topple it.

There are different types of seismic waves, and they impact a structure differently. In general, they are broadly categorized into two seperate groups - body waves and surface waves.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Building Construction Work Sequence

A constructor needs to follow the work sequence carefully. Otherwise, the whole process of building construction might crash. Thus it is very important to maintain and follow the work sequence in building construction carefully. Let us see how it should be done properly.

1. Paper Work: The paperwork for the building needs to be finished even before the work actually begins. This includes:-

a. Preparation of drawings and diagrams
b. Material and construction cost estimation
c. Labor costs and contingency measures
d. Approval of design from local development authority
e. Any other legal work that may be necessary

2. Layout Marking: The plan boundaries need to be marked on the ground. Only the approved plan should be marked down. The ground inside and outside the site should be cleaned of any undesirable elements. Accurate dimensions and orientations must be followed while marking down the layout.

3. Excavation Work: The foundations of the building need to be placed under the ground level, onto a solid bed. For this, much excavation work needs to be done on site according to design. The wall foundations and column foundations may require different types of foundations. For this reason, different amounts of excavation may need to be done.Suitable machinery like dozers need to be used for large scale excavation. Not only that, you need to carry off the excavated earth to a suitable location as well.

Read more

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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