Methods of Repairing Cracks in Concrete

It is generally determined that concrete structures face cracking hassle in the course of its lifestyles. This crack ought to be given extreme and careful attention and repair on proper time. Repairing cracked concrete involves quite a few time and value constraints.

There are several techniques of concrete crack restore. Choosing the ideal technique of concrete crack repair will let you save a whole lot of time, cash and power and might deliver long-lasting results. It is vital to understand the kind and nature of cracks that have appeared inside the construction to have the ability to pick out the most suitable and price-effective technique of restore. It is also vital to recognize the cause of cracks so that it is able to be corrected to preserve the cracks from recurring.

The following are the methods of repairing cracks in concrete:

Epoxy Injections: Epoxy injection technique of concrete crack repair can be used to bond the cracks having greater than or same to 0.05mm opening. This technique is not appropriate for crack is energetic and if the cracks are large in number, or whilst the water leakage can't be controlled.

In this approach, the cracks on uncovered concrete surfaces are sealed through injecting epoxy under the concrete crack. But, it's essential to find and connect the major motive of cracks before injecting the epoxy into the cracks otherwise the cracks will keep on emerging once more and again.

Problems which include leakages and silt contamination harm the efficiency of epoxy, therefore it is recommended to fix these problems earlier than injecting the epoxy to make it remaining longer. The Epoxy injection approach of crack repair requires quite a few discipline and skillful execution so that you need to make sure that the person executing the repairs knows his work.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to Calculate the Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil

It is extremely important to figure out the safe bearing capacity of the soil at the construction site. If this is not done properly, the structure may settle, and the building may get damaged, or even collapse. For this reason, we perform various tests to find out the safe bearing capacity of the soil. Today, let us see how we can do this.

The safe bearing capacity of soil is defined as the maximum load per unit area that the soil can bear without any displacement or settlement. This is measured in terms of kilograms per square centimeter. If the load exceeds this mark, the soil will start to displace or break. This will lead to structure settlement, which can end up in destructive results.

Formula:
Safe bearing capacity of soil = (ultimate bearing capacity)/(Cross-section area x Factor of safety)

Explanation: The ultimate bearing capacity of the soil is the point at which the soil starts to displace under load.

Any soil can take up to a certain amount of load only, after which it starts to settle or displace.

The cross-section area is the area of soil on site on which the tests are being performed. It can be a square meter in general practice.

The factor of safety indicates how safe the soil capacity results must be before considering a certain type of construction. Naturally, it depends upon the type of building being constructed. It is kept at 2 for general civil constructions and 3 for high-rise or heavy constructions.


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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to Control Reinforcement Activities On-site

It is imperative to control reinforcement activities in a building construction site. Otherwise the building may get damaged due to any shift in loads, or may simply break down at the slightest seismic activity.

First of all, you need to hire one or more qualified engineers to oversee different parts of the construction process. Aslo, you need to assign as many assistants as necessary to them.

A. Planning Phase: You need to study the documents concerning the project carefully as to divine the exact requirements. You also have to make sure the planning goes according to technical specifications. Then locate the provisions regarding mode of measurement in item fee agreement.

Check the objects payable which includes reinforcement, and whether or not laps, spacers and chairs are payable or inclusive. Arrange the required applicable codes,requirements and different related documents at the website for reference and study.

Study the tender drawings without fail. Calculate quantity as in keeping with the preliminary drawings, Dia clever and grade sensible. Mastermind the necessary pertinent codes, standards and other related archives at site for reference and study.

Study the delicate drawings without fail.Calculate amount according to the starter drawings, Dia savvy and grade insightful. Set up the monthly shrewd obtainment plan according to the development plan. Get ready to obtain a calendar of authoritative alongside support plan.

Plan for spread squares and joins (whenever required) ahead of time to get the required quality of spread squares thrown at site. Get Dia shrewd and grade savvy amounts from creator for singular amount contract if drawings were not accessible at starting phases of undertaking for arranging acquisition.

Permit a stock of 45 days while arranging obtainment or relying on the accessibility. Indent just 90% of amounts of absolute necessity till you have every endorsed attracting to keep away from varieties because of configuration/drawing corrections.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Simple process to calculate shuttering materials for footing

There are various types of formwork materials can be used for footings. You can use plywood, wooden plank or even steel shutter.

Mostly used shutter materials for footing is wooden planks, plywood or wooden board as those are cheap and widely available.

How to Easily Estimate Shuttering Materials for Footing

There are different types of footings in a building. But, all the footings are different. There should be equivalent types of footings. Initially, it is required to summarize the similar type of footings.

Summarizing footings - Generally, the footings are demarcated as F1, F2, F3… etc.

Presume, there are 10 numbers of F1 type footing, 6 numbers of F2 type footing, and 8 numbers of F3 type footing, etc.

Summarize them all. The same types of footings will be summarized based on the footing layout drawing sheet. It is accessible in the structural drawing book.

Once the counting is done for all types of footings, verify the footing layout drawing to find out whether any footing remains unmarked. If there is any, count it also.

Once this step is completed, you’ll get the numbers of all types of footing.

Now, the total number of footings should be counted in the footing layout drawing by marking individually with the pencil.

It is not necessary, to create formwork for all the footings. As for instance, there are 10 numbers of F1 type footings. The sizes of all these footing are equivalent. If you only create one formwork for this type, that can be used again for all 10 footings. In this way, the cost will be saved significantly.

To reduce the cost, it is recommended to utilize wooden shutter materials for footing instead of steel shutter for footings.

Given below, the detail method to measure wooden shutters materials for the footing of a building project.

Step 1: Work out the Periphery Length of Footing.

Assume, the size of the F1 footing is, 4′ x 6′ x 1′.
Therefore, the periphery length of this footing will be as follow :-
= (4′+6′) x 2
= 20′
Step 2: Work out The Periphery Area of The Footing
The periphery area of the F1 footing is,

=20′ x 1′ (the height of the footing is taken as 1′)
= 20 square feet (sft)

Step 3: Workout Shuttering Materials

Wooden plank or plywood : The periphery area of the F1 footing is actually required area of wooden plank or plywood that is 20 square feet. It is required to include 5% extra while giving order for wooden plank or plywood. Therefore, necessary wooden plank or plywood for our footing is, 21 sft.

Wooden batten: Usually, 3″x 2″ wooden batten for the formwork of footings is utilized. To make the process simple for calculating wooden batten, just use a thumb rule that is 2 rft (running feet) per shuttering area. So, required wooden batten for the footing will be as follow :-

= 2 x 21
= 42 rft (running feet)

Nail: Similarly, to calculate nail for formwork, just use a thumb rule that is 0.02 kg for one square foot of shuttering area.

Therefore, the required nail for our example footing is,
=0.02 x 21
=0.42 kg (kilogram).

So, the necessary shuttering materials for one formwork of F1 type footing are obtained. Depending on how many formworks will be required for F1 type footing, multiply the shuttering materials with that number.

As for instance, if there are 10 numbers of F1 type footing and it is necessary to create 3 numbers of formwork for this type footing, required shuttering materials for 3 numbers of formwork for F1 type footings will be as follow:-

• Wooden plank or plywood = 3 x 21 = 63 sft
• Wooden batten (3″x2″) = 3 x 42 = 126 rft
• Nail = 0.42 x 3 = 1.26 kg.

In the same way, work out the shuttering materials for all several types of footing for your building project and summarize them all.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Steps to work out road filling in hilly area

S.L. Khan, the eminent civil engineer, presents another informative construction video tutorial where he briefly explains the process for working out the road filling in hilly area.

In this video, solution is given to the following examples :-

Examaple 1

With specified cross section of road in hill area, work out the quantity of earth work in banking toward the length of 100 ft.

Suppose the permission rate of the road is taken as breadth of the road and it is 32 feet. The half of it is 16 feet. The mean depth of the filling is taken as 1.85 feet. The side slope is taken as 2:1. The cross slope is taken as 10:1.

Based on the above data, the quantity of earth work in banking will be determined.

To obtain the total filling of this section, apply the following formula :-

Filling = Cross Section Area x Length

To learn rest calculation process, go through the following video tutorial.

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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How to calculate or analyze the rates of cement, fine & course aggregates in a foundation construction

In this construction video tutorial, one will learn how to work out or analyze the rates of cement, fine aggregates, course aggregates in a foundation construction.

Assume, the length of the foundation is 80 ft and width is 30 ft. The thickness of the foundation is taken as 9 inches. M7.5 concrete grade is used with ratio 1:4:8. (cement : sand : aggregate).

Initially, you have to determine the volume with the following formula :-

Volume = Length x Width x thickness = 80 x 30 x 0.75 (as 9 inches is equal to 0.75 feet) = 1800 cft

It is the wet volume and you have to convert it to dry volume with the following method :-

We know that in measuring unit cubic meter or cubic feet, 54% volume is increased from wet to dry in concrete. To convert from percentage to decimal, just divide by 100 i.e. 1+84/100 = 1.54

So, dry volume = 1800 x 1.54 = 2772 cft

To calculate the quantity of cement, the following formula is used :-

Cement = Ratio x Volume/Sum Of Ratio = 1 x 2772/13 = 213.23 cubic feet

As 1 bag of cement = 1.28 cubic feet

In order to convert it to bags, just divide it with 1.25 i.e. 213.23/1.25 = 171 bags.

Similar formula can be used for calculating the rates of sand and aggregates.

Watch the following video to learn the process for calculating the rates of sand and aggregates.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to calculate mason, labor for brick masonry construction with help of thumb rule

In this construction video tutorial, you will learn how to compute the mason as well as labor toward a 1st class brick masonry construction with the help of thumb rule.

A thumb rule refers to a principle having extensive application that is not projected to be exactly perfect or authentic for each situation. This method can be easily applied for making approx calculation or recollecting some value, or for making some determination.

It should be noted that the quantity of required labor will be gradually increased from ground floor to first floor to second floor etc.

Thumb rule is a constant value that is taken from the earlier construction work i.e. how much volume is covered by the labors employed in earlier projects. All the volumes are summed up to find out the average volume.

In ground floor, first floor and second floor, the volume of total area is taken as 150 m3

Ground floor :-

Mason = Volume x thumb rule (for mason) = 150 x 0.71 = 107 numbers
Now, suppose the charge for one mason = 1100 rupees
So, the cost for mason will be 107 x 1100 = 117, 700 rupees

Labor = 150 x 1.18 (thumb rule for labor) = 177 numbers
Suppose, one labor charge 800 rupees
Therefore, cost of labor = 177 x 800 = 141,600 rupees

Similar process should be followed for 1st floor and 2nd floor. Here, the value of thumb rule will be increased as the steps are increase.

To learn the calculation for 1st and 2nd floor, watch the following construction video tutorial.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Some useful tips to compute the quantity of shuttering

In this construction video tutorial, you will learn the detailed process for computing various components like plywood, bellies, nails, shuttering oil contained in shuttering.

Shuttering stands for a temporary platform that is built up with wooden planks, wooden logs, steel rods or bamboos upon which formwork is supported and finally pouring of concrete is performed. The shuttering will be disposed of as soon as concrete attains their desire strength.

Here, the calculation is based on thumb rule. In thumb rule, a constant number is selected and it is multiplied with covered area to obtain the approx quantity. The result produced through thumb rule is almost similar to the actual quantity. Therefore, by using thumb rule, it becomes easier to work out the approx quantities.

As for instance, presume there is a covered area of 2000 square feet and the RCC slab will be built up there. To work out the quantity of shuttering plywood, nails, shuttering oil, clamps etc. the following formula will be used :-

Here, the wooden shuttering is used. The quantity of the shuttering should be calculated in numbers or running foots.

1. PLYWOOD: 12 MM THICK (8′ X 4′)
= Covered area x Thumb rule
= 2000 sft x 0.02
= 40 No’s

2. WOODEN BATTENS : (3” X 3”)
= Covered area x Thumb rule
=2000 sft x 0.4
= 800 rft (running feet)

3. BEAM BOTTOM PLATES: (1.5” THICK)
= Covered area x Thumb rule
= 2000 x 0.24
= 480 rft (running feet)

To learn how to calculate the quantities of other components, watch the following video.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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