Building materials is the newest app for civil engineer

Building Materials is an exclusive construction app for the site civil engineer, supervisors available in google play store.

It provides a complete on digital construction and building material for civil engineers. The app comprises of all the crucial notes concerning the material & construction engineering as well as building knowledge.

The app is supported with material for building construction, building materials estimation, building material and construction book.

It is one of the best civil engineering applications that can be used for acquiring knowledge on quick revision & obtaining a complete detail of construction material as well as making estimation of the materials.

Major features of building material notes:

• It is possible to make quick notes with regard to building material items.
• Digitalize your material usage with quick notes.
• Make easy notes with our application.

Generate a material construction checklist with the app.

By using this app, one can take notes of different types of construction materials like bricks, blocks, plaster, cement, sand, gravel, water-base, oil-base, concrete tile. With this app, it is possible to measure steel, brick, concrete, area etc.

To download this app from google play store, click on the following link. play.google.com



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How impact value of coarse aggregate is determined

Impact value of coarse aggregate plays an important role to find out the moisture content of coarse aggregate.

For this purpose, the following equipments are required :-

1) Impact testing machine (metal base)
2) A cylindrical steel cup of internal dimension: 102mm & depth 50mm.
3) IS sieves of sizes 12.5, 10 & 2.36mm.
4) A straight metal tamping rod having circular cross section 16mm in dia. And 600mm long rounded at one end.
5) Weight balance of 01 gm.
6) A relevant oven thermostatically controlled to retain a temperature of 100°C to 110°C Samples:

1. i) Coarse Aggregate

The following methods should be applied :-

1. The impact machine stands devoid of wedging or packing upon the level plate. 
2. The cup should be attached rigidly in exact location on the base of the machine and entire test sample should arranged in it depending on fifteen blows of the metal hammer of weight 14 kg downfallen from a height of 38 cm.
3. The quantity of fine material that goes through 2.36mm resultantly from pounding will point out the strength of the sample of aggregate. The proportion of the weight of the fines (finer than 2.36mm size) developed to be taken as weight of the total sample selected is stated as a percentage. It is called as aggregate impact value as per IS 283-1970

Result:

Aggregate impact value does not surpass 45 percent by weight for aggregate utilized for concrete apart from wearing surface and 30 percent by weight for concrete for wearing surface like run way, roads and pavements.

To get more detail, go through the following link wrengineers.in



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www.constructioncost.co
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Details of Sieve Analysis Method

Sieve analysis is conducted to establish the particle size distribution of the coarse and fine aggregates. This is performed with sieving the aggregates according to IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963. Here, various types of sieves are applied as recommended by the IS code and then the aggregates are passed through them and thus the particles with different sizes are obtained which are abandoned on various sieves.

The following equipments are utilized for sieve analysis.

i) A set of IS Sieves of sizes – 80mm, 63mm, 50mm, 40mm,31.5mm, 25mm, 20mm, 16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 6.3mm,4.75mm, 3.35mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 300µm, 150µm and 75µm.

ii) Balance or scale with a precision to calculate 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample. The sample for sieving is created from the bigger sample either by quartering or with the help of a sample divider.

Sieving Test Method as per British standard

Materials Required
Specimen, sieve shaker, BS410 Standard sieves, 0.1g accuracy balance, oven, porcelain dish and spatula, receiving pan, cleaning brush and clock.

Method:
Cleanse the sieves of sieve shaker with cleaning brush to check whether any particles are blocked in the openings.

Note down the weight of each sieve and receiving pan.
Dry the specimen in oven for 3-4 minutes to obtain the dried specimen (overlook, if the specimen is already dried).
Weigh the specimen and note down its weight.

Place the sieves in such a manner that the smaller openings sieve remains to the last and larger openings sieve remains to the top. (Just, organize them to the ascending order of sieve numbers – No.4 sieve on top and no.200 sieve at bottom).

Retain the weight recorded specimen on the top sieve and then provide the complete sieve stack on the sieve shaker along with the lid and receiving pan.
Let the shaker to function 10-5 minutes – Utilize the clock here.
Detach the sieve stack from the shaker and note down the weight of each sieve and receiving pan individually.

Download the following sample sheet for sieve analysis.



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www.constructioncost.co
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Some crucial technical drawings terms in construction

Given below the details lists of technical drawings terms essential at construction site.

1. Tender drawings: These types of drawings are provided to the bidders at the tender time to estimate the blank BOQ. It should be studied in accordance with specifications to exact pricing of the BOQ. As for instance, sometimes supports are not cited in tender drawings but if it is given in specification, bidder should take the cost of that supports into consideration at the time of estimating the specific item.

Tender drawings & specifications play an important role in the post contract phase to manage variations.

2. IFC Drawings: It is the abbreviation of “Issued for construction”. This type of drawing is submitted by the consultant for construction purposes and formation of shop drawings to the contractor. Sometimes, the drawings are circulated for reference and information purposes. They are called as “Issued for reference” (IFR) and “Issued for Information” (IFI) respectively.

3. Architectural Drawings & Structural Drawings: These two drawings are responsible to determine the strength of the construction. Generally, the architects create the architectural drawings and the structural engineers create the structural drawings. Mainly, the architects put the client’s requirement into paper. Structural engineers take the responsibility to check that the architect’s design is structurally secure. Both the drawings are dependent on each other.

4. Interior Design Drawings (ID drawings): It offers the details or the interior structure of the construction project. For the commercial building projects it is very important. To provide standard interior to the project, exact coordination with other trades is essential.

5. Shop drawings: It is arranged by the service provider as well as sometimes by Sub-contractor or supplier. The shop drawings provide proper guidance to the people who are executing the actual work at the construction site.

It contains more details as compared to other construction drawings. When MEP Sub-contractor creates shop drawings, he has to submit the IFC, ID drawings, Architectural Drawings & Structural Drawings to make the coordination perfect.

6. Request for Information (RFI): It is extensively applied in construction industry. While generating the shop drawings, if the contractor detects any inconsistency, he should inform it to the consultant for modification. It is called as RFI. The response should be utilized for the continuous process.

7. As-built drawings: The contractor arranges these drawings as soon as the works at construction site are completed. These drawings indicate the actual construction of the project. These drawings are utilized for the final account purposes and the maintenance purposes.



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Some crucial factors a civil engineer should follow

This construction video tutorial sifts through some vital factors which should be abided by a civil engineer to apply them in the jobsite.

The factors are discussed in below :-

Compressive strength of bricks should be 3.5 N/mm2

Water immersion of bricks should not surpass 15%

Free fall of concrete is permissible up to 1.50 m

Lowest thickness of slab is 125 mm

Longitudinal reinforcement should not be under 0.8% and over 6% of gross C/S

Lowest bars required for square column is 4 Nos and for circular column is 6 Nos

If the bars contain diameter over 36 mm., lapping is not permissible

Compressive strength of bricks is 3.5 N/mm2

Earthwork excavation toward basement over 3 m should remain in stepped form

Cement should be preserved in dry places on a raised platform roughly 200 mm

Electrical conduits should not be set in column

For more information, watch the following construction video.

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Different types of quantity surveyor in surveying field

A professional quantity surveyor is employed by the client and the contractor’s quantity surveyor. These comprise of a private practice QS who performs with an organisation in an office and instructs clients as well as develop a bill of quantities for various contractors on various projects.

In a private practice, the quantity surveyor works in tandem with various architects and clients. The other type is a contractor’s QS where his/her works for the similar contractor on various projects that they possess and is utilized to generate bills of quantities for this contractor.

1. Consultant / Client Quantity Surveyor or PQS

They perform a wide array of activities which range from cost planning, value management, feasibility studies, cost benefit analysis, life cycle costing, tendering, valuation, dispute resolution and cost estimating.

Usually, quantity surveyors implement control over construction costs by making perfect measurement of the necessary work, the application of expert knowledge of costs and prices of work, labour, materials and plant required. It allows them to get a clear view of the significances of design decisions at initial phase as well as provide suggestions the employer/client accordingly.

2. Contractor’s Quantity Surveyor

A contractor’s QS role works out the daily running of building projects, estimating, contract administration and construction planning together with commercial, cost and project management.

Contractor’s quantity surveyor is liable for accomplishing the operations equivalent to those of the PQS; i.e., the computation and pricing of construction work, but particularly that actually executed by the Contractor (and the Contractor’s Sub-Contractors).

The quantity surveyor from a contractor company has to undergo additional liabilities like sub-contract formation, handling all matters associated with costs and values of the project along with payment and cash flow forecasts.

Besides, quantity surveyors there are openings for other types of jobs like Senior Cost Estimator, International Surveyor, Logistics Specialist, Land Surveyor, Cost Engineer, Structural Engineer, Estimating Engineer, Civil Engineer, Estimator and Construction Estimator.

Senior Quantity Surveyor –They take ownership as well as liability for the team. He/she reports daily to the lead partner of the surveying firm.

Mechanical and Electrical Quantity Surveyor – They have to take complete responsibility for all types of mechanical and electrical works. These professionals normally specialize in big projects primarily from the end of government.

Project Quantity Surveyor – They arrange bills of quantities, project estimates, and tender appraisals and, perform project reviews.

The positions will be always vacant for a quantity surveyor inside large construction firms, architecture firms, law firms, governmental agencies and construction advisory firms. Any project or firm employs QS to oversee any project and check the buildings to be in conformity with all codes.

An ideal QS should possess an accredited degree and the necessary professional certifications.

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Estimating Integration

How estimation done: Costs are generally estimated with the help of some methods that are found in Time Management idea such as one-point estimating, analogous estimating, parametric estimating and three-point or PERT estimating; besides all of this there is a different kind of estimation named method of estimation.

Bottom-up estimation is involved in the final distribution time of a project where it adds estimation of costs at each activity or work package, turning it up into control units and then finally works on whole project estimate. So the estimated created by following steps:

• Project management software: There is various kind of software that increases calculation speed needed to estimate costs and the calculations included direct, indirect, overhead and fixed cost calculations for many activities.
• Deciding resource cost rates: resources can be various kinds like human resources, vendors, consultants, suppliers, external technicians etc. and the project managers are aware about the involved rate for the resource cost.
• Reserve analysis: It gathers identification of activities with significant risks and resolution of all efforts needs to manage the occurred risks.
• Cost of quality: The quality efforts are divided as Cost of Quality.

In the time working with integration, often it is asked about estimation of interfaces that follows below kind of scenarios:

• In the New implementation of Sap, the project manager has to execute lots of interfaces to join with the previous systems
• In the B2B integration, a lot of new pattern and messages will come
• Movement from one integration broker to another.

When any of the scenarios will come interfaces are estimated by following the steps and the development is shown there:

1. Identification
2. System interactions with supported adapters
3. Specification
4. Development
5. Testing and fixing
6. Transport and configuration
7. Document
8. Going live
9. Support.

All of the steps take extra time that will expand the initial time. The 80/20 principle was invented a long ago that states that spend less time to do more work and if more time spends in the beginning of the estimation then the whole process might take longer time to end. To avoid this scenario, it is important to study about the process and understands it properly then starts the work and as there are more variations of the interfaces that look similar then it will be easy to arrange them as per order.

It must keep in mind that performing estimation is not an easy task as there will be many unknown details about development that can be seem unclear before started; so just go through them and make a detailed report.

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Some useful points to consider for choosing a career in quantity surveying profession

The Quantity Surveyors are employed to manage the finances and contractual administration of Construction projects. Given below, some useful points which should be considered to make a good career in quantity surveying profession.

The Quantity Surveyors provide significant contribution for the successful completion of projects from one small project to multi billion euro capital projects.

They possess sound knowledge regarding the contract and project cost, right from the preliminary sketch design proposal in order that the clients can obtain the best possible end product for their budget.

Quantity surveyors can render their specialized services for both the clients and the contractors meaning so it is possible to manage the office based work and construction site based work simultaneously. In either career path each day makes a new challenge and the job satisfaction that comes by involving in a project right from its setting up through to a happy client taking the possession of the building over on execution.

In the Quantity Surveying profession, one can get a good salary as compared to the average industrial wage (check average national wage for a Chartered Surveyor published by the SCSI)( www.scsi.ie). Besides, there are exciting commensurate perks which fluctuate on the basis of the employer. It also contains company cars, group pension schemes, performance based incentives etc.

The profession of Quantity Surveying is acknowledged globally and is in high demand. You can make yourself prepared to work for the larger consultancies and contractors who have offices in the UK, Europe, the Middle East and the Americas. Here, the staff can easily take transfer and obtain the most of the perks and life experience that coincide with travel (you can of course just join companies in these countries directly too). It provides a healthy salary that goes with the cost of living in every one of these countries facilitating the graduates to keep up the standard of living they generally maintain. This capability to travel also makes sure that there are sufficient works for these construction professionals.

Besides men, women can also make a sound career in quantity surveying profession. Quantity Surveyors are professionals first and foremost and, specifically for those who perform on the client side, holds much similarity to the office based 9 - 5 career you should anticipate in other disciplines like finance and business but with the additional perk of working on physical projects with long-term and profound effect on the landscape of the country.

For more information, go through the following article www.wit.ie

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www.constructioncost.co
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Units of measurement used in surveying & construction works

Unit of measurement is also known as the International System of Units, or SI. Units of measure in the metric system. The units of length or linear size are derived from the metre. They comprise of the kilometre (km) that is 1000 meters, the centimetre (cm), and the millimetre (mm) which is 1/1000th of a meter.

A unit of measurement refers to a specific magnitude of a quantity, described and approved by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same kind of quantity.

Any other quantity of that type can be stated as a multiple of the unit of measurement. As for instance, a length is a physical quantity.

Standard unit of measurement :-

Type - U.S. Unit - Metric Unit
Length - Inches, Feet, Yards, Miles - Millimeters, Centimeters, Meters, Kilometers
Weight - Ounces, Pounds - Grams, Kilograms
Time - Seconds, Minutes, Hours - Seconds, Minutes, Hours
Volume - Ounces, Gallons - Milliliters, Liters

Given below, the details of measurements which are utilized in surveying and construction works :-

For construction work: feet, inches, fractions of inches (m, mm)
For most surveys: feet, tenths, hundredths, thousandths (m, mm)

For National Geodetic Survey (NGS) control surveys: meters, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 m

The following equivalents are used frequently :-

1 meter=39.37 in =3.2808 ft
1 rod =1 pole=1 perch=16.5ft(5.029 m)
1 engineer’s chain =100 ft =100 links (30.48 m)
1 Gunter’s chain= 66 ft (20.11 m) =100

Gunter’s links(lk)=4 rods=0.020 km
1 acre=100,000 sq (Gunter’s) links=43,560ft2 = 160 rods2 =10 sq (Gunter’s) chains=4046.87m2 = 0.4047 ha
1 rood=1011.5 m2 =40 rods2
1 ha= 10,000 m2 =107,639.10 ft2 = 2.471 acres
1 arpent=about 0.85 acre, or length of side of 1 square arpent (varies) (about 3439.1 m2)

1 statute mi=5280 ft=1609.35 m
1 mi2 = 640 acres (258.94 ha)
1 nautical mi (U.S.)= 6080.27 ft= 1853.248 m
1 fathom=6 ft (1.829 m)
1 cubit=18 in (0.457 m)
1 degree=0.01745 rad=60 min =3600 s
sin 1 =0.01745241
1 rad = 57.30 degree

For more information, go through the following link www.onlinecivilforum.com

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Civil Engineering – The newest construction app for engineering science students & professional

Civil Engineering is a powerful civil engineering app that includes the fundamentals of civil engineering.

There are various types of crucial topics, notes, materials, videos included in the app.

The civil engineering students can download the app and utilize it as reference material & digital book for civil engineering program & tech degree courses.

This app is very useful for the following sectors :-

a. Transportation
b. Coastal engineering
c. Structural
d. Environmental
e. Geotechnical
f. Construction
g. Architectural
h. Engineering mechanics

This handy Civil Engineering App involves 60 topics supported with detailed notes, diagrams, equations, formulas & course material. The topics are segregated in 5 chapters. The app is specifically designed for all the engineering science students & professionals.

The app offers quick revision and reference to some vital topics like a detailed flash card notes. With this app, the student or a professional can easily avail interview for jobs.

The app can be applied to track your learning, set reminders, edit the study material, adjoin favorite topics as well as spread the topics on social media.

All the topics are supported with diagrams, equations and other forms of graphical representations to simplify the process for learning and understanding.

Civil Engineering Basics is a vital portion of engineering education courses and technology degree programs at different universities.

One can download the app from google play store by clicking the following link play.google.com

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Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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The uses of excavation supports or earth retaining structures

Excavation support or earth retaining structures are vital where deep excavation is created and arrangement of necessary slope is not possible. Given below, the details of different types of excavation supports.

What Are Excavation Supports?
Usually, to develop a structure either over the ground or underneath the ground, excavation of soil should be arranged in the ground.

The excavation may come in the form of shallow or deep on the basis of our need. But when the soil is dug deeply, there is a chance for collapsing of the soil from the sides of excavated area because of low strength.

To get rid of this issue and to create the cut vertically perfect, some temporary earth retaining structures known as excavation supports are essential.

The soil cut failure occurs if the limit of excavation surpasses its safe height limit and it is subjected to unconfined compressive strength of soil and cohesion.

From the table, given below, the safe height limit for various soil types are given on the basis of their unconfined compressive strength and cohesion limits.

Types of Excavation Supports: Usually, the following methods are mostly used for providing excavation supports-

• Soldier pile and lagging
• Soil nailing

Soldier Pile and Lagging: Soldier piles refer to I-sections which comprise of web among two flanges. These I-sections are drilled into the ground encompassing the boundary of an excavation. The piles are delivered to the point slightly under the necessary excavation depth.

The concrete with poor strength is utilized for the purpose of grouting of piles. The gap among each two nearby piles is restricted to 10 feet. Once that exaction is completed, the flanges of piles provide good support to the surrounded soil.

Wood lagging is applied among the piles. The lagging comprises of long timber sheets or planks which are arranged behind the front flanges of piles to provide well support to the soil among the piles.

The timber contains 2 to 4 inches depth, there, some excavation should be arranged by hand behind the front flange. To create stable bond among horizontal wood sheets and front flange, welded studs, clips etc. are utilized.

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How to estimate the quantity or number of dump trucks necessary for cut & filling of soil

This construction video tutorial provides detailed guidelines for computing the quantity or number of dump trucks essential for cut filling of soil.

Cutting and filling stands for the method of shifting soil from one place to another for leveling the ground properly.

A ‘cut’ is formed if the soil is cut from beyond the required ground height and a ‘fill’ is formed if the soil is employed to stuff a hole to preferred ground level. Cutting and filling is most recognized method that is applied to develop a uniform ground surface.

There is a risk associated with cutting and filling the land specifically when the desired land for filling is utilized for your house foundations. Each time earth is shifted the natural compaction is affected, and soil under this condition is frequently defined as ‘fluffed’ or ‘aerated’.

The soil should be compacted to resist settling so that it becomes safe for being used in foundation. If it's improperly compacted, settling soil can lead to cracked foundations.

Cutting and filling is usually done with earth moving equipment like skid-steer loaders or bulldozers. Based on the size and shape of your site, it is recommended to apply a drum roll style compactor or a plate compactor.

To get the complete calculation process, watch the following video.

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Civil Engineering: Conventional and Objective Type – An exclusive e-book

Khurmi R.S. and Gupta J.K. have written an exclusive e-book known as Civil Engineering (conventional and objective type). The book is available in paperback version.

The book sheds light on different branches of civil engineering.

The book is ideal for the civil engineering students and for those who want to make good result in state or union civil services examinations taking civil engineering as an optional subject.

J K Gupta and R S Khurmi have put their teaching knowledge to publish this standard and objective type responsive book.

The book includes some crucial topics like mechanics, applied mechanics, hydraulics and fluids mechanics, strength of materials, hydraulic machines, soil mechanics and foundations, building material irrigation, concrete technology, building construction, public health engineering and engineering geology. The topics in the book are based on the course material for under-graduated courses as well as that for objective type multiple choice questions.

The book comprises of brief conventional theory of each subject. Every concept and theoretical topics are supported with nearly 200 objective type questions.

Besides, there are different types of practice tests and solved/unsolved questions which are very useful for civil engineering students. It can facilitate the readers to solve out any confusions and prepare themselves for SSC or other junior engineering examination.

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Michael R. Penn and Philip Parker have published an exclusive book alias Introduction To Infrastructure

Both Michael R. Penn and Philip Parker have written an exclusive book alias Introduction to Infrastructure. The book is available in paperback version.

The book is specifically designed for civil and environmental engineering. The book sheds light on various facets of civil engineering that demonstrates interconnection of the various civil engineering fields. This 1st Edition focuses on an extensive range of engineering fields, as well as introduction to ethics.

Customary technical topics (as for instance - construction, environmental/water resources, geotechnical, etc.) are explained briefly through the text and in spite of discussing these sub-disciplines on a chapter–by–chapter basis, case studies are utilized to highlight their interconnection.

The text also highlights usages of civil and environmental engineering in practical, containing level of technical rigor (e.g. rudimentary); a conversational tone, motivating the reader; problem–based; and website associated text like existing news related to infrastructure; and ordinances (parking, stormwater, etc.) from communities of different sizes and geographic locations to be applied as the foundation for textbook exercises.

To purchase the book, click on the following link www.amazon.in

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Variations among rough cost and detailed cost

This construction video tutorial sheds light on definition of rough cost and detailed cost and variations among them.

Rough cost estimate plays an important role in construction. If there are huge variations among the rough estimate and the cost of construction that may impact the decision to begin a project. If the rough cost is too high, project may be left devoid of creating its detailed estimate.

Alternatively, if the rough cost is too low then project may begin but once the detailed estimate is made, design and drawings are cancelled because of shortage of fund.

Detailed cost estimates should be made cautiously. These briefly estimate the cost of different items work that set ups the entire project. Detailed estimates are accomplished once the detailed working drawings are made together with specifications. If any error occurs in rough cost estimate, then it will provide great influence in detailed cost estimates.

In this video, example is given for a plinth area having 400 sft. Plinth area belongs to the built up covered area that is computed at floor level of the basement or of any story of building.

The rate is charged as Rs. 400 per square feet and it includes 8% of electricity, 4% of water, 4% of sanitary, 4% Gas etc.

Detailed cost includes earth work, concrete work, brickwork in foundation, DPC (damp proof course), brickwork concerning superstructure, cement plaster, white washing.

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How to resist diagonal cracks in brick walls

Load bearing structures are mostly recognized for small houses. Normally clay bricks and cement blocks are used to develop them. Diagonal cracks in brick walls of the home may occur due to various reasons like deflection of the wall supports, foundation settlement, soil movement, and vegetation near the home.

Given below, the reasons of diagonal cracks in walls of load bearing structure and remedies to get rid of the issue.

Diagonal Cracks in Walls of Load Bearing Structure:

01. Diagonal Cracks in External Corner of the Building: These types of diagonal cracks in outside walls become broader at the top. These turn out to be thin since they move downward. The cracks transmit via DPC and spread up to the foundation of the house. These cracks come out when these are developed on shrinkable clay soil like black cotton soil. They also look when there is a shallow foundation in the house.

Once the clay soil dehydrates, it will shrink and arrange space for movement of the foundation. Such soil employs heavy pressure at the time of swelling and shrinking and in this way transform supporting soil to be unsteady. This Movement results in collapsing of foundation and therefore diagonal cracks seem to come out at the corner of the house. Besides, sometimes the trees which grow quickly adjacent to the house enhance the chances of diagonal cracking. It occurs because of the process of dehydration of soil by the roots of trees.

The following remedies should be taken to resist the diagonal cracks in outside corner of the building.

• The foundation should not be based on shrinkable clay soil. If necessary, upsurge the depth of foundation. The foundation should be lied on a level where the crack ends. Such cracks are visible while excavating the pit.
• Arrange essential foundation depth for foundation system.
• Plant the trees keeping minimum 2 meters distances from the boundary of the house.
• Cover the boundary of the house by applying 2 m wide flexible waterproof apron. i.e exact plinth protection.

Arrange flexible waterproof apron or plinth protection at a the depth of around 500mm underneath the ground level and chased 30 to 40mm into the wall. The apron is set on 100mm thick PCC laid to slope 1 in 30, and it is also chased into masonry.

To get the complete instructions, click on the following link. www.gharpedia.com

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Demonstration of center line method

This is another useful presentation from Parag Pal. The video shows the detailed information on Center Line Method.

Center line method is specifically applied for walls of equivalent cross sections. Here, the total centre line length is multiplied with breadth and depth of relevant item to determine the total quantity at once.

After the cross walls or partitions or verandah walls are attached with main wall, the centre line length becomes curtailed by half of breadth for every junction.

Such junction or joints should be cautiously taken into consideration at the time of measuring total centre line length. The method generates most precise estimates rapidly.

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