Design of Highway Alignment

In this post, we are examining the Importance of Highway Alignment and different elements which should have been considered in arranging the highway alignment. The Terms which we talk about here are the most significant and typically go over in highway structuring and arranging. As a structural designer, you should know about these terms. When the arrangement of road construction is chosen, the following stage to chip away at is the highway alignment.

What is Highway Alignment: The situation of the focal line of the highway or the design of the arranged highway line on the ground is called Highway Alignment. Highway Alignment is for the most part stated as two sorts on Highway plans.

Horizontal Alignment: This covers the horizontal way of the road either it's straight or curved or both. Top perspective on road alignment gives horizontal alignment of the road.

Vertical Alignment: This arrangement with the inclinations, slopes and leveling of the ground. Viewpoint view or front view or side perspective on the road alignment causes you to comprehend about Vertical alignment.

Significance of Highway Alignment: Choosing the highway alignment is the most essential piece of road construction. Road construction includes a ton of land securing. When the alignment is fixed and built according to design, it is hard to change it in view of addition at the expense of connecting the area and advancement of costly structures by the roadside. A little mistake in the Highway alignment improves the expense of construction.

The perfect Highway alignment should meet the accompanying rules as follows.

1. The alignment ought to be structured so that the distance between the beginning point and the endpoint of the road ought to be short and straight with fewer curves.
2. The alignment is chosen so that it ought to be anything but difficult to build and keep up. A decent alignment ought to be direct and have less angles and slopes. To accomplish this, a little deviation in alignment is allowed.
3. The alignment ought to be viewed as just when the activity cost, introductory expense and upkeep cost is least.
4. The choice alignment ought to be sheltered during construction, particularly at banks, slopes, bumpy regions and at inclinations.

Components controlling the Highway alignment

Obligatory Points: The control focuses administering highway alignment are called obligatory focuses. These focuses choose where the alignment should pass and where the alignment ought not pass.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to design the RCC columns inexpensively

This construction article is extracted from https://theconstructor.org. The articles sheds light on how to minimize the cost by creating the design of reinforcement column as well as its construction practices and recommendations inexpensively.

Columns are considered as the most vital components in reinforced concrete structures and they ensure the security and constancy of the structure significantly.

Because of various factors, the cost of a column for each linear meter per MPa of load bearing strength fluctuates considerably. As for instance, the position of the column in the structure (outside column and inside column) and the configuration of the loads enforced on the column and others.

Given below, some other types of recommendations and measure which can reduce the cost of designing and development of reinforced concrete column significantly.

Recommendations for inexpensive design of Reinforced Concrete Columns

1. Potency of concrete used for reinforced concrete column
2. Formwork employed for casting reinforced concrete column
3. Steel reinforcements applied in the reinforced concrete column construction

4. Details of reinforcement of concrete column

Strength of Concrete for Reinforced Concrete Column

An important recommendation given for concrete strength is the utilization of utmost concrete compressive strength required to bear factored loads and least allowable reinforcement ratio. It is due to the lowest price that should be attained when such measure is undertaken as the cost of reinforcement decreases.

It is suggested that, if the least reinforcement ratio is employed for a specified column, it can minimize total column cost considerably (around 32% for concrete strength of 56MPa and 57% for concrete strength of 100MPa) relating to the case where highest reinforcement ratio is applied.

The nominal size of columns in multi storied structures is indicated on the basis of the utmost concrete compressive strength and a constraint on the highest reinforcement ratio.

If the size of column is smaller than the least permissible size at the base of the structure, then reinforcement ratio should be reduced.

Lastly, both reinforcement ratio and concrete compressive strength are reduced as the enforced factored loads decline in the upper stories.

To gather more information on recommendations, go through the following article theconstructor.org

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co

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How to make design of concrete corbel with spreadsheet

If you want to be familiar with the detailed process necessary for creating the design of a RCC Corbel in excel based spreadsheet following ACI 95, then you should go through the following construction video tutorial.

In architectural term a corbel stands for a structural piece (a type of bracket) made of stone, wood or metal that is overhanged from a wall to bear an oppressive weight. In brief, a corbel refers to a solid piece of material in the wall.

Corbels are mostly utilized in precast concrete construction to provide support to main beams and girders.

ACI 318-95/318R-95 is defined as building code requirements for Structural Concrete & Commentary.

ACI 318-95 offers good information to the engineers and designer. The most significant modification included in the new code is that references to "reinforced concrete" are turned into "structural concrete."

To learn the complete process, watch the following video tutorial.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co

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Brief explanation of welded connection of single angle section with gusset connection

In this construction video tutorial, one can learn how to follow IS 800-2007 limit state method for developing the welded connection of the single angle section that contains gusset connection.

You will learn what exactly a welded connection is in tension members. When two members in a structure are associated using the welds, such a connection is defined as welded connection.

The elementary types of welded connections are categorized on the basis of the types of welds, position of welds and type of joint.

Depending on the type of weld, welds are categorized into fillet weld, groove weld (or butt weld), plug weld, slot weld, spot weld etc.

Welding facilitates transmission of stress directly among members removing gusset and splice plates which are essential for bolted structures. Therefore, the weight of the joint is lowest. Toward tension members, the nonexistence of holes enhances the effectiveness of the section. It includes fewer fabrication cost with regard to other methods because of execution of fewer parts and removal of operations like drilling, punching etc. and subsequently fewer labor resulting in cost reduction.

Single-angle compression members belong to simple structural components. It is very complicated to make analysis and design of these members. These members are generally associated with other members through one leg only. Therefore, the load is employed eccentrically.

A gusset plate is made of a thick sheet of steel used for linking various structural steel elements like beams and girders to columns as well as uniting truss members. The gusset plate is set up at the juncture of two or more adjoining beams, chords, or columns. It is tied to each steel framing member with bolts, rivets or welding or an amalgamation of the three. The objective of the gusset plates is to connect the steel together as well as provide strength and support to each joint. These are mostly found in bridges and buildings as well as other structures.

Watch the online demonstration.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co

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How to design the reinforced concrete wall

You have to design the Reinforced concrete wall similar to a compression member. Reinforced concrete wall is suitable when there are no beams and load transmitted from the slab is massive or the density of the masonry wall is restrained.

RCC Wall is segregated as follow:
• Plain concrete wall, when rein. < 0.4%
• Reinforced concrete wall, when rein. > 0.4%

Load from slab is transmitted as axial load to wall. When depth is greater, it is known as RC wall. Design is identical to a RC column, breadth is similar to the density of wall and depth is equivalent to 1m. The design of RCC Wall is based on the following factors.
• Axially loaded wall
• Axially loaded with uniaxial bending

Categorization of concrete walls:

1. Plain concrete wall
2. Reinforced concrete wall

Under plain concrete wall, the reinforcement included is under 0.4% of c/s. In reinforced concrete wall, the proportion of employed steel is in excess of 0.4% and is designed in the same way as reinforced concrete columns. Slenderness ratio is equivalent to minimum of (l/t or h/t), where, l denotes effective length of wall, h stands for effective height of wall, t stands for thickness of wall. When < 12, the wall becomes short and if > 12, the wall becomes slender.

Braced and Unbraced Concrete Walls:

Braced: If cross walls are arranged for the walls so as to they can bear lateral load and 2.5% of vertical load, then the wall is defined as braced. If not, the wall is called as unbraced wall.

Note: Other walls under special cases are,
i) Cantilever wall
ii) Shear walls – To withstand lateral loads [Handle flexure created because of lateral loading on the structure, depth is allowed along the transverse direction]

To learn the detail process, watch the following link theconstructor.orgn

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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