Some common types of columns (14 types) in building construction

Various sections of structures are supported with different types of columns. Column stands for a vertical structural member that bears loads primarily in compression.

It generally transmits loads from a ceiling, floor slab, roof slab, or from a beam, to a floor or foundations.

Usually, columns also bear bending moments about one or both of the cross-section axes. Given below, the detail lists of columns mostly found in building construction :-

Columns are categorized on the basis of the following factors :

1. Types of Reinforcement
2. Types of Loading
3. Slenderness Ratio
4. Shape
5. Construction Material

Depending on types of reinforcement:

1. TIED COLUMN: Reinforced concrete is the prime material to build up this type of column. Longitudinal reinforcement is enclosed inside narrowly placed tie reinforcement. It is considered that 95% of all columns in buildings are tied.

2. SPIRAL COLUMN: Reinforced concrete is used to construct spiral column. In this type of column, longitudinal bars are enclosed inside narrowly placed and constantly distressed spiral reinforcement.

Spiral reinforcement offers lateral restrains (Poisson’s effect) and defers axial load failure (ductile).

3. COMPOSITE COLUMN: A composite column is formed if the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section or pipe including or excluding of longitudinal bars.

This type of column contains greater strength containing fairly small cross section, apart from showing good fire performance.

4. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN: If vertical axial loads operate on the center of gravity of the cross-section of the column, then it is called as axially loaded column.

Axially loaded column is seldom found in construction as synchronizing vertical loads on the center of gravity of column cross section is not possible.

Instance of this type of column is Interior column of multi-storey buildings having symmetrical loads from floor slabs from all sides.

5. COLUMN WITH UNIAXIAL ECCENTRIC LOADING: If vertical loads do not synchronize with center of gravity of column cross section, but rather function eccentrically either on X or Y axis of the column cross section, then it is known as uniaxially eccentric loading column.

Column with uniaxial loading are usually adopted in the case of columns firmly attached with beam from one side only like edge columns.

6. COLUMN WITH BIAXIAL ECCENTRIC LOADING: When vertical on the column is not synchronized with center of gravity of column cross section and does not operate on either axis (X and Y axis), then the column is known as biaxially eccentric loaded column.

Columns with biaxial loading are normally found in corner columns having beams firmly attached with right angles at the top of columns.

To learn how column is categorized on the basis of slender ratio and construction material, go through the following link allengineeringideas.blogspot.com



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Cross Section Analysis & Design is a powerful construction program for analysis & design of structural cross section

Cross Section Analysis & Design (most recognized software for structural uses in America, Europe, Asia and Australia) refers to a robust application that can be applied for computing an extensive range of cross section, along with the formation of design for reinforced concrete sections (rebar calculator).

The resultant cross sections are simple or composite and can comprise of one or more geometric entities (rectangles, polygons, circles, arcs etc.). With the multipurpose featured user interface, it is possible to draw the geometry of the cross section easily.

The user will be able to import standard steel sections out of a complete shape library in relation to all significant codes (AISC, Australian-New Zealand, BS, Chinese, European, Indian, Aluminum etc.)

The shape, materials or loads of a section are free from any restriction, because the program can deal with any random cross section under biaxial bending and axial loads (Mx,My,P). The program has the ability to work out all sectional properties, plot Moment – Curvature and Interaction diagrams as well as calculate the location of the neutral axis under specified sets of biaxial loads and outline the equivalent strain diagrams along with the consequential stress contours. Based on the position of the neutral axis plane on the section, these items can also be calculated.

Besides, the program is adhered to the following codes regarding reinforced concrete sections: AASHTO, UBC, AS 3600, IS 456, ACI 318, BS 8110, CSA A233, EC2, NZS 3101, CP 65.

The user will be able to produce a reinforcement design on the basis of the codes given above, outline the equivalent interaction diagrams etc., or examine a specified reinforcement pattern under the given load cases with some simple mouse clicks.

With Analysis Parameters Sets, the stress – strain curves of concrete, reinforcement and other materials are indicated parametrically. Every load case is allotted with an Analysis Parameters Set, so that estimations can be made for various design situations, like Ultimate/Serviceability or custom defined Limit States, with an automatic adjustment of the material properties, safety factors etc. As for example, while going to select the default ULS Parameters Set, the concrete curve should have been rectangular and its tensile strength should not be taken into account. Alternatively, the default SLS Parameters Set, applies a hyperbolic stress-strain curve for concrete considering its tensile strength. Here, the safety factors are automatically settled as 1.0. The user has the ability to directly modify these parameters.

An extensive material library exists along with almost all concrete/reinforcement material specifications. Besides, concrete and reinforcement materials, the user can also state custom linear, bilinear, trilinear parabolic or completely general materials.

The program supports Windows XP/Vista/7/8/8.1/10.

For more information, click on the following link engissol.com

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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Benefits of drones in construction

Drones are rapidly changing the industry scenario, especially in the fields of civil engineering and surveying. They are reaching the odd locations that are untouched by the human resource. The application of this technology, though, goes beyond these two names. They are strongly imprinting their values across the industry, from real estate to golfing. The achievements earned by this technology are countless, and they deal with toughest challenges with ease and bring out the productive result for the companies. The content explains in brief how they earned this unmatched reputation in the dynamic world.

Observation:

Navigating the difficult location in the construction field is no longer a tricky job. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are performing the job as skillfully as no one can do. It sends images of what it observes to the planning team.

The data sent by drones contain impressive details of the objects, including the smallest option. The 360 degree panorama views help civil engineers divide the work as per the priority basis. Operators also share these images in order to come up with a better plan. The data solve various complex issues like project timing, equipment needs and prevailing challenges of a construction.

Surveying:

Drones play major roles for surveying. They quite satisfyingly assist Geographical Information System (GIS) professionals. GIS is known for their services like locating boundaries of the property, subdividing land and surveying construction sites. No doubt to say, drones have already made loud noises for catering the same functions proficiently and flawlessly. They send still images of a construction map to a cloud-based storage from where authorities can access and assess the data to plan meticulously. Since the cameras and the distance can be regulated remotely, they rise above than natural and artificial obstacles.

Costing:

Drones are affordable and accurate, and this is why they are entering the industry at large. The benefits are countless and at the same time reliable. They accelerate the production, assess the present situation and help in figuring out the problem more efficiently than any other does. Traditionally, construction has been the manpower controlled field. With the introduction of this technology, the age-old thought starts getting obsolete. They use the human – resource team in a profitable way and cut down the unnecessary expenses.

Drones have already made their presence felt in the industry with offering profits more than expected. Getting real time data of the construction has become easier. Thus, it also solves many difficult challenges prevailing over the field.

However, there exist regulations, probable risks and service options to take into consideration prior to launch a drone program.

To get more information, click on the following link computerworld.com/

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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The duties and responsibilities of civil engineers

The main objective of civil engineers is to plan, design, build, operate and maintain roads, bridges, dams, water supply schemes, sewerage systems, transportation, harbors, canals, dockyards, airports, railways, factories and large buildings.

Civil engineers generally render their jobs in the following sectors - structural, water resources, soil and foundation, transport, airport, town planning or construction.

Duties of an airport engineer:

a) Having expertize in producing designs for airports, hangars and control towers
b) Administers the construction, maintenance and repair of runways, considering the factors like weight, size and speed of aircraft
c. If any technical issue arises throughout construction, guides contractors to solve the issue

Duties of a geotechnical/soil engineer:

a. Examines projected construction sites to determine the conditions of soil and foundation with by initiating drilling and sampling programs
b. Monitors and takes part in job site and laboratory testing of soils, and ensures that test equipment and machinery is arranged perfectly
c. Creates reports of test results and suggests proposals for providing the solution to engineering issues given in test reports
d. Creates specifications of soil mixtures which can be utilized in roads, embankments and other construction, and measures and provides suggestions on the required slope at cuttings and the density of soil dams and retaining walls.

Duties of a harbor engineer

a. designs and manages the construction of harbour facilities like breakwaters, navigation aids, navigation channels, jetties, wharves, heavy-duty pavement surfaces, cargo sheds and bulk handling plants for grain, ore and other cargo
b. Makes sure that the designs are created according to the needs of safety and serviceability
c. Optimize the use of funds and materials to fulfill the safety and serviceability requirements.

Duties of a harbor engineer:

a) Having expertize in evaluating population and growth statistics and traffic patterns and volume to fulfill the needs of future project
b. Discusses with government officials and other specialists to make the design perfect and secured traffic systems
c. Reviews roadway and embankment design, the geometry of highway interchanges and the maintenance of facilities like culverts and overpasses.

To gather more information, click on the following link civilengineerblog.com

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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Follow this unique construction process for installing ceramic tiles on a floor efficiently

This is a handy construction video provided by Kurd Engineer. This is a vital video for every civil engineer. Learn how to optimize ceramic tile installation procedure on a floor to save huge time and construction cost.

Ceramic tile is considered as the most flexible and sturdy finishing material that can be used in floor or wall covering.

Tiles walls can combat with moisture and deal with scrubbing easily as compared to drywall or other materials.

So ceramic tile is a perfect choice for humid bathrooms and kitchens where there are possibilities for cooking splatters.

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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How To Use Adobe Geomesh Construction Material To Resist Earthquake For Building

This construction video is based on construction manual for adobe reinforced with Geomesh. Adobe reinforced is a reinforcement system for current adobe houses and an arrangement for new adobe houses, with the intension to avoid the collapsing due to severe earthquakes. Abode construction is generally found in rural areas. Houses are usually one-storied building having wallheights of around 3.0 m and thicknesses vary from 250 mm and 850 mm. Abode is a cost-effective, promptly available construction material that is developed by local communities. Geomesh® is a dimensioned PVC coated, multi-filament woven polyester for soil reinforcement.

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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How National Construction Estimator Functions

This youtube construction video is based on National Construction Estimator developed by Craftsman Book Company. The video covers the various topics like How to open Import Files in QuickBooks as well as estimate in QuickBooks, Proceed Billing in QuickBooks, Generating an Invoice, Jobs in QuickBooks, Undoing Errors, Reimbursing Bills by Cost Categories, Forming Payroll by Cost Category, Print Payroll Checks.

National Estimator refers to a construction estimating software program that offers the same functionality as a book. It is the software engine that is enriched with the Craftsman construction estimating databases.

The users can acquire various construction items through costbook database of electronic index and scroll through an individual page. By exploring through the electronic index, the users can construction items rapidly by providing a keyword. There will be the index options. Select those options and you will be redirected to the page in the database for that construction item.

National Construction Estimator contains the following features :-

• Modify any price or quantity related to any construction material in the construction estimate window.

• Easily include new lines or even whole sections to the database.

• Arrange your own labor rates, overhead and profit.

• Put in your genuine construction material costs.

• Generate a specialized costbook database for each type of executable project like remodeling, bathroom remodels, kitchen remodels, insurance repair work, or change orders.

• Add the markup and profit according to your choice

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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Usefulness of construction formulas and equations for building projects

The formulas & equations are essential for construction professionals to work out the quantities as well as cost & subtotals of building material. These formulas can be used in a wide array of construction projects and design applications which range fromreinforced concrete, bridge construction, highway design etc.

A formula refers to equation demonstrating one variable as an amalgamation of other variable(s) with the use of algebraic operations like add, subtract, multiply, divide, raise to a power, apply the natural logarithm as well as the cosine, or other mixture of operations.

Various issues related to construction can be easily resolved with proper application of these formulas.

The insight of the construction industry will be enhanced with professionalism and performance through effective use of formulas.

Concrete: Width x Length x Height, divided by 27 = number of yards of concrete needed

Foundation Masonry Block: 8" high / 16" long / 3/8" mortar normal joint height.

Roofing: Width x length, divided by 100 = number of squares of shingles needed.

Siding: Width x Height, divided by 100 Square Feet = number of squares of siding needed.

Carpet: Width of room x length of room, divided by 9 = number of square feet needed for room.

Wood Siding: Width of board minus distance of lapping = coverage of wood siding per board.

Width of area to be sided x height of area to be sided, divided by coverage calculated above = lineal feet of siding you need.

Brick: 7 bricks = one square feet of coverage.

Width of area to be covered x height of area to be covered, divided by 7 = number of bricks needed.

Elevation Conversion: Elevation measured in 10ths per foot. 1 of elevation = one foot or 12" equals one foot.

Normal measurement 12 inches per foot.

Convert Elevation to Inches: One Foot of Elevation measurement equals 1.2 inches of normal measurements.

Common Terms Used: Board feet = (thickness (in inches) x width (in inches) x length (in inches)) divided by 12 Lineal feet = length only of board.

Image Courtesy: afrisam.co.za

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.quantity-takeoff.com

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How to estimate and construct your own house

What is the cost of building a house? It is around $80 to $120 per sq ft or may be more completely based on its size, design, quality, shape and location – the professional says. This cost is depending on location only.

The selling price:

• 25% material,
• 25% labor,
• 25% land cost,
• 12.5% builder profit,
• 12.5% builder overhead, which includes the cost of running their business, construction financing costs, and the new home's marketing and sales costs.

But the builders have to take it in mind that the material, labor, land, and overhead costs when estimating the costs ofbuilding a new home. For the costly roof and windows and other expensive building material, bid will be high. All this compromising and cost balancing is done in the planning stage of construction.

In Carl Heldmann’s page, the builders can get a great, user friendly FREE cost estimating software called Cost to Build Calculator that utilizes the latest in construction estimating software.

For more accurate cost estimating read Cost Estimating Explained page and spreadsheet page.

The cost to build calculator can compute cost per square foot is due to many variables, including different types of foundations, roof pitches, quality of building materials, home design, design and number of windows, and so on. The National Association of Home Builders in their most recent report shows the current average cost to build a house is $94.54 per sq.

There are some examples:-

Four examples are set here that ho

• 2,000 sq. ft., simple design = $80 per sq ft = $160,000. Built on a $80,000 lot. With an appraisal of $320,000, if you decide to be your own general contractor, you might save $80,000 or more (12.5% builder profit, and 12.5% builder overhead).
• 2,200 sq ft steeper roof, 3 car garage, stone trim, etc. = $90 per sq ft = $198,000. Built on a $100,000 lot. Appraisal of $398,000 = you might save $99,000 or more.
• 2,400 sq ft, more glass, porch, hip roof, etc = $100 per sq ft = $240,000. Built on a $120,000 lot. Appraisal of $480,000 = you might save $120,000 or more.
• 2,600 sq ft, more complex design & costs = $120 per sq ft = $312,000. Built on a $156,000 lot. Appraisal of $624,000 = you might save $156,000 or more.

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.quantity-takeoff.com

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The new RFI features of PlanGrid can streamline the work of AEC processionals

PlanGrid, the most recognized CAD drawings viewer and cloud-collaboration tool in AEC, recently launched a dedicated all-in-one RFI solution that will provide immense benefits to the architecture,engineering and construction (AEC) industry.

The new RFI features of PlanGrid are very user-friendly and will save significant time and money for AEC professionals.

The new RFI solution is compatible with iOS and Android platforms as well as standard web browsers at the desktop. New RFI features are free and included with the accessible PlanGrid cloud-driven app.

The new RFI system is available under its own tab in the PlanGrid user interface at the dashboard level. The users can tailor RFI statuses according to their project requirements like Open, Draft, Submitted, etc and control RFI method in a better way.

The Users will be able to produce snapshots from blueprints, on all platforms, which automatically coordinate to the cloud for uncomplicated referencing. Users will get the ability to add associatedmaterials like photos and specification sheets from their PlanGrid.com accounts.

RFI PDF reports are also created for allocation to the team through email. The users can post RFI responses directly to drawings which then can be published to the whole team in seconds.

All the details are safely preserved and past decisions are evaluated as PlanGrid documents each edit to the RFI and all edits are examined in the RFI history.

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.quantity-takeoff.com

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Make your material control system superior with Jovix

Birmingham based Atlas RFID Solutions introduced a newconstruction product called Jovix™.

This newest construction technology helps construction professionals to trace materials quickly as well as productivity of direct labor and minimize the usage of material recorders.

The construction professionals will get a clear idea that their construction project gets the proper materials at the right time and in the right condition. So Jovix will facilitate the construction professionals to combat with the supplementary material control issues on the industrial construction projects.

Jovix is compatible with mobile inspections and precautionary maintenance. Besides, it can deal with and resolve oversupply, shortfall, and damage issues, as well as foresee the accessibility of materials in future through supply and demand calculation.

The latest version of Jovix (2014.2) comes with some advanced features like importing drawing data fromengineering tools and inserting and controlling attachments inside the application. Besides, the mobile tablet interface is upgraded to make it more reliable and accessible by expanding material control powers to the jobsite and keeping aside the labor-intensive, paper-based practices from the jobsite.

With Jovix, the users can undertake anticipatory maintenance activities through the tablet to get incessant clarity and control all through the whole material lifecycle ranging from fabrication through installation.

Jovix enhances project efficiencies on the whole with the positive material by providing unprecedented access to executable, up-to-date toward the accessibility, status, and location of materials in the global supply chain.

In order to get the product, visit http://atlasrfid.com

Ref: atlasrfid.com

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.quantity-takeoff.com

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30-story building built in 15 days

The Chinese sustainable building company, Broad Group, has yet attempted another impossible feat, building a 30-story tall hotel prototype in 360 hours, after building a 15-story building in a week earlier in 2011.

You may ask why in a hurry, and is it safe? The statistics in the video can put you in good faith. Prefabricated modular buildings has many advantages over conventional buildings.

The building was built over last Christmas time and finished before New Years Eve of 2012.

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Published By

Arka Roy

www.quantity-takeoff.com

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70% Global Construction Growth Expected by 2025

Based on the research and analysis by Global Construction Perspectives and Oxford Economics, the world’s largest construction markets rank in the year 2025 are expected to be China, U.S., India, Japan, Indonesia and Russia.

This report, sponsored by Aconex, estimates that the construction volume all over the globe will grow up to $15.0 trillion in 2025, as the industry’s contribution to the worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) increases from 12.2% to 13.5%.

Global Construction 2025 considers construction markets in 46 countries that create 85% of world output. It is a precise report with 328 pages including 683 charts and tables, besides the executive summary offers a comprehensive overview in a quick read.

The regional forecasts of the report reflect the trends seen in the business scenario over the years. As per the report China, India and the U.S. are the three countries that will be accountable for 60% growth from 2012 to 2025, with China being responsible for more than 25% of the global volume. India is expected to grow faster than China, overtaking Japan for the third position. By 2025, the report predicts, Indonesia will grow annually by 6% to attain the position of world’s fifth largest market. Australia is forecasted to expand at 1% annually as the mining activity shifts from infrastructure development to production.

The North American market is also supposed to grow by about 40%, representing a rebound of construction in the U.S. as well as the improved infrastructure and oil & gas related building in Canada. The Western Europe is supposed to contract by almost 5% from its peak in 2007, with the U.K. as the only area of growth, at more than twice the average for the complete region. The Eastern Europe as well is said to grow by almost 5% on an annual basis, driven by Turkey and Russia. Besides, Russia is supposed to become the world’s sixth largest market. The report projects, Qatar and Nigeria as the world’s fastest growing construction markets for 2025 with a growth of 10% and 8% per year, respectively.

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Published By

Tuhin Maity

www.quantity-takeoff.com

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ICF Concrete Additives, LLC introduces HiperLon™ to substitute steel rebar in concrete application

ICF Concrete Additives, LLC launched the latest fiber, HiperLon™ which can make a sea change in the way concrete is set in all applications. HiperLon™ refers to a three-inch fiber that blends so well that it can even be shot-creted. HiperLon^TM can minimize as well as substitute steel rebar in precast, cast-in-place, underground, and shotcrete applications.
 Now the construction professionals can get rid of the issues like corrosion and failure in the concrete. Besides, the construction professionals can create their bid based on a fixed cost as there will be no cost fluctuation due to elimination of rebar for scheduling and estimating. HiperLon™ is supported with technical data to ensure that it will substitute rebar in precast and slab applications. It is now applied to complete rebar substitution in one- and two-story residences also.
Use of rebar is dangerous that can often lead to job threatening injuries. So the usage of HiperLon™ is increasing at a rapid due to safety issue.
 Several Texas based petrochemical companies on the Gulf Coast and municipalities now utilize HiperLon™ to reinstate their rebar in culverts and other flat work.
HiperLon™ treated concrete is verified under contract by multiple Military agencies; supplementary testing concerning impact and cracking under heavy loads, has exposed the finished concrete to include impressive properties. For getting more updates on HiperLon™ fiber, visit www.icfconcreteadditives.com.

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Published By

Tuhin Maity

www.quantity-takeoff.com

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Calculated Industries 4019 Materials Estimating Calculator

The Material Estimator is very useful for contractors, trades people, and estimators to make materials and costs estimate for concrete, fences, decks, bricks, tile, flooring, gravel, painting, drywall, panelling, and other. It facilitates users to work out material costs and allowances instantly and effortlessly, and obtain the materials accurately as per their choice. Besides it also minimizes the estimating errors and thus save time and money.

The Material Estimator includes the following exclusive features:-

• Performs directly in yards, feet, inches, fractions and meters along with square and cubic formats. The users don’t have to switch to decimals.
• Characterize and accumulate values for materials like Grout, Fence Post Spacing, Custom Tile, Board Width, Bags of Concrete, Paint Coverage and more
• Compute board feet and cost per unit
• Quick linear, area, and volume answers
• Dual Power – solar and battery

There are two types of material estimator calculator:-

Calculated Industries Material Estimator Calculator 4019: The Calculated Industries Material Estimator Calculator provides great benefits to contractors, trades people and estimators for performing quick and perfect material and cost estimation. It is priced at $24.97.

Purchase it now

Material Est Calculator 4019 by Calculated Industries: Material Estimator Calculator is ideal for acquiring Quick Linear, Area & Volume Solutions. It performs directly in feet & inches, fractions, yards & metric. The calculator can quickly & precisely find material requirements for studs, 4x8, 4x9, 4x10, 4x12 Sheets. Besides board feet & cost per unit functions estimate material costs instantaneously.

The calculator can effortlessly work out material costs & allowances by applying cost & percent % functions. The calculator exhibits 11 Digits, 7 Normal,4 Fractions, involving full annunciators. It contains protective 360 Degree hard cover door as well as 1 CR-2016 long lasting battery. The calculator comes up with 1 Year Limited Warranty.

It costs $38.79

Purchase it now

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published by

Tuhin Maity

www.quantity-takeoff.com

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Some cutting age building materials to make your construction long lasting

Now-a-days several energy efficient building materials arrive in the construction marketplace. These renewable, recycled materials can give birth a superior structure that can combat with the wind and rain with tight envelope.

Initially these materials can increase building cost by 20-30% but in the long run the energy efficient building materials will result in minimizing the cost of heating and cooling and builder/developer can recover the excess money within a few years.

Let’s have a look on these energy efficient building materials:-

Recycled steel: Customized steel beams and panels can perform as the superior substitutes for decade old wood beams to protect your building from high winds and earthquakes as steel framing contains stronger durability. It has been observed that a 2,000-square-foot (186-square-meter) house involves 40 or 50 trees to construct, a frame made by recycled steel would need no more than the material that comes from six scrapped cars.

No less than 65 tons (59 metric tons) of scrap steel are recycled each year. Recycling scrap decreases the energy generated in forming the steel by 75 percent, and it saves space in landfills as well.

Read More: http://www.planswift.com

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Published by 
Rajib Dey
Content Writer
www.quantity-takeoff.com (Get all types of estimating sheets, softwares, directory, news, building codes)

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