Brief overview of rise and fall table in land surveying

This construction video tutorial is very useful for land surveyor. The tutorial sheds light on the rise and fall table in land surveying. Get some useful tricks to resolve the rise and fall table.
Rise and fall method is applied to resolve the levelling to detect the variation in elevation and elevation of points..

By resolving this table, it is possible to work out the reduced level of each point captured at staff rod with leveling machine. In order to work out the reduced level of an individual point, it is necessary to compute the rise and fall of points. After that, for reduced level, the following formula is applied :-

new R.L = old R.L – Fall
new R.L = old R.L + Rise

The table contains various heads like number, B.S (back sight), I.S (inter sight), F.S (fore sight), Rise, Fall, R.L (reduced level) and remarks.

B.S - Back sight (BS) is the abbreviation for "back sight reading". It means the first staff reading captured by the surveyor as soon as the levelling instrument is arranged and levelled. B.S is normally captured on the point of known reduced level as on the benchmark or a change point. The normally applied datum is mean sea level.

Fore sight (FS) is the abbreviation for "fore sight reading". It means the last staff reading captured prior to modify the instrument to the other position. It refers to the staff reading captured on point whose RL is to be ascertained. This sight is treated as negative and assumed from Height of Instrument to find out RL of the point.

Reduced Level (RL) in surveying stands for equating elevations of survey points relating to a common assumed datum. It refers to a vertical distance among survey point and selected datum plane. Therefore, it is taken as the base elevation that is applied as reference to consider heights or depths of other important places.

To get more detailed information, watch the following video tutorial.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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The role of a quantity surveyor in construction sector

Liabilities of a Quantity Surveyor: A Quantity Surveyor (QS) is a professional who mainly deals with construction costs and contracts associated with the Construction Industry. The role of a quantity surveyor is to recognize and compile the related costs with the purpose of creating a complete budget for any project.

A quantity surveyor can then accept cost planning to facilitate all the members of the design team to find out the practical solutions and maintain the budget of the project.

The Quantity Surveyors along with the project architect produce this final detailed estimate to make a basis on which consequent tenders are examined. With schedules of quantities, it becomes easier to translate the drawing, plans and specifications submitted by the design team to facilitate the each contractor to work out the tender prices reasonably. Once tenders are approved, the Quantity Surveyor arranges cash flow data for the client to outline his resources sufficiently to fulfill contract commitments. Alternatively, the Quantity Surveyor has to settle on how much of a job should have been paid for at any one time.

Duties of Professional Quantity Surveyor - A Professional Quantity Surveyor (PQS) should accomplish the following works:

Produce and assess construction and development tenders out of information submitted by the architects, engineers and other design consultants as well as settle and reward contracts to successful proponents..

Handle, supervise and organize all types of construction and development projects, along with the contracts and sub-contracts, construction progress schedules, cost control systems, and work measurements.

Arrange, submit and control progress invoices, valuation of changes and settle contracts. Give suggestion on construction cost and strategic planning to potential owners, architects, engineers and public authorities.

Arrange and interpret tender documents, specifications, general conditions, and other parts and forms of contracts.

Create and deliver estimates for construction and development work.

Give suggestion commercially and support to construction and development project works.

Perform or take part in arbitration and court hearings. Research, negotiate and support dispute resolution operations. Function of a Construction Estimator Certified professional.

A Professional Quantity Surveyor contains a thorough knowledge of construction and construction methods together with the laws regarding construction projects and accounting, with the intention of providing cost and financial advice.

A Professional Quantity Surveyor should have specialty in mechanical or electrical disciplines, but all Professional Quantity Surveyors should possess working knowledge of the practical facets and design features of both fields.

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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Application of various types of plumbing pipes in construction

This construction video tutorial shows you different applications of plumbing pipes in construction.

The Plumbing system includes the entire system of pipe fittings and appliances which are utilized for water supply and drainage. In this supply and drainage system various types of pipes are employed for diverse objectives. There are two types of pipes in a plumbing system :-

1. Supply or service pipes
2. Drain pipes or waste disposal pipes

The plumbing pipes are mainly used for water supply purpose, drainage, waste disposal etc.

There are four types of pipes in supply and service pipes categories :-

1. Copper Pipes - When extreme corrosion occurs to metals due to use of ground water, then copper pipes are most suitable. In copper, there is powerful corrosive resistance capacity as compared to other pipe metals as well as substantial strength, rational ductility. The copper pipes are available in long lengths in the market. These pipes can carry high pressure and so; these pipes are also utilized for industrial purposes to undergo heavy flows. There exist two types of copper pipes like HEAVY GAUGE and LIGHT GAUGE pipes. Heavy gauge pipes are effective where pressure is extremely high. Light gauge pipes are recommended when the pressure remains under 0.15N/mm2 i.e. for internal domestic pipes.

2. Galvanized Iron Pipes - G.I pipes or steel pipes are less expensive as compared to copper pipes. But the harmful factor is that these are easily affected with corrosion in soft and acid waters. But these are very robust relating to copper pipes. Therefore, these pipes should be used in areas with less corrosion as well as in hard water areas. Hammering is required to eliminate the layers developed with hard water.

3. Polymer Piper or Plastic Pipes - Polythene pipes or plastic pipes are mostly suitable for cold water services. The plastic pipes provide various advantages which range from less corrosive, more cost effective, light weight, simple installation process, no threading needed, good resistance capacity against bacterial scale.

4. Lead Pipes - Lead pipe contains superior corrosion resistance, flexibility and hydraulic coefficient of flow. But lead content in water may result in poisoning effects which may cause harm to people. Therefore, it is not recommended for application.

To gather information on drain pipes or waste disposal pipes, watch the following construction video tutorial.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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TMT Steel Bar – Manufacturing & Construction Basics

TMT steel bar is a steel reinforcement type that comes up with the required strength in tension, bending, shear and compression. TMT steel bar is defined as Thermo Mechanically Treated Steel that offers better ductility and malleability.

Generally, there are four types of reinforcement steels have been used in the construction – mild steel bars, deformed bars, cold twisted bars and TMT bars. Among them, TMT bars are considered to be high-quality steel bars that meet the construction requirements in terms of getting standard toughness and strength.

To understand the TMT steel bar better, you need to know the other three steel types and their application.

Mild steel bar: With a low tensile strength, mild steel bars are easy to produce and are used in allowing and manufacturing of a steel structure fabrication used in the construction work. They have low carbon and silicon level and have come up with less tensile strength than others. Their surface is plain and the round part comes up with diameter from 6 to 50mm. They can be bent easily that allows the workers to cut the rod in pieces without damage.

Deformed bars: Deformed steel bar has come up with normal ductility and has applications in residential, commercial and infrastructure fields. The common size of such steel bar stays in between 9m to 12m. The diameter of this bar varies according to their weight. The surface of the bar has lugs, ribs or deformation that provide better grip to concrete and maintains a strong bond between the two components.

Cold Twisted bars: Cold twisted bars are manufactured through a cold twisting process where bars are hardened and twisted when they stay cold. But twisting can cause surface defects on steel bars because of the occurrence torsional stress in the rebar. Torsional stress is generated by an applied torque during the twisting of an object.

TMT Bar – the basics: TMT bar goes through a metallurgical process that uses mechanical or plastic deformation process and a thermal process together. TMT stands for Thermo Mechanical Treated – the way these bars are manufactured. Mechanical deformation process includes compression or rolling, and thermal process covers heat-treatment, water quenching and cooling in a single course.

To produce TMT bars, the hot rolling process comes first that makes heated iron billets pass through the rollers of decreasing diameter. After completing the hot rolling process, the bars are water cooled by a microcontroller having a controlled quenching chamber where temperature gradient travels from the core to surface.

The bar is taken out in the air after the intense cooling process and the core area heats quenched surface layer leading to tempering the external martensite. In this process, the heat flows from the core to the outer surface adding the needed strength to the material. This unique and extensive process makes these bar high standard one with an exceptional tensile strength and ductility. It also leads the bars to achieve an excellent bonding with concrete. They are definitely corrosion resistant.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co

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Benefits of drones in construction

Drones are rapidly changing the industry scenario, especially in the fields of civil engineering and surveying. They are reaching the odd locations that are untouched by the human resource. The application of this technology, though, goes beyond these two names. They are strongly imprinting their values across the industry, from real estate to golfing. The achievements earned by this technology are countless, and they deal with toughest challenges with ease and bring out the productive result for the companies. The content explains in brief how they earned this unmatched reputation in the dynamic world.

Observation:

Navigating the difficult location in the construction field is no longer a tricky job. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are performing the job as skillfully as no one can do. It sends images of what it observes to the planning team.

The data sent by drones contain impressive details of the objects, including the smallest option. The 360 degree panorama views help civil engineers divide the work as per the priority basis. Operators also share these images in order to come up with a better plan. The data solve various complex issues like project timing, equipment needs and prevailing challenges of a construction.

Surveying:

Drones play major roles for surveying. They quite satisfyingly assist Geographical Information System (GIS) professionals. GIS is known for their services like locating boundaries of the property, subdividing land and surveying construction sites. No doubt to say, drones have already made loud noises for catering the same functions proficiently and flawlessly. They send still images of a construction map to a cloud-based storage from where authorities can access and assess the data to plan meticulously. Since the cameras and the distance can be regulated remotely, they rise above than natural and artificial obstacles.

Costing:

Drones are affordable and accurate, and this is why they are entering the industry at large. The benefits are countless and at the same time reliable. They accelerate the production, assess the present situation and help in figuring out the problem more efficiently than any other does. Traditionally, construction has been the manpower controlled field. With the introduction of this technology, the age-old thought starts getting obsolete. They use the human – resource team in a profitable way and cut down the unnecessary expenses.

Drones have already made their presence felt in the industry with offering profits more than expected. Getting real time data of the construction has become easier. Thus, it also solves many difficult challenges prevailing over the field.

However, there exist regulations, probable risks and service options to take into consideration prior to launch a drone program.

To get more information, click on the following link computerworld.com/

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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