Some useful guidelines to develop a building foundation

While building up a foundation for a building, adequate knowledge is required with some particular steps to make sure that the footings will retain the weight of the building through rest of time.

The purpose of building foundations is to bear the load of the structure as well as disperse the load to the soil in greater cross sectional area. The foundation should have the capacity to resist the load of the structure along with the live loads and environmental factors.

A safety factor is arranged for safety all through the foundation design. The foundation is built up on the basis of the design. Given below, some vital steps, which should be abided by, at the time of constructing & designing building foundation.

1: Survey and Stake Out Footprint - A professional surveyor should execute this step. The surveyor will settle on the exact distances from the property lines. It makes sure that the building will set out perfectly and abide by the code. The corners of the building will be marked with surveyor’s stakes.

Then the surveyor will arrange offset stakes about two feet out from the surveyor’s stakes. The digging for the foundation will start by applying the offset stakes as the guides. It accomodates extra room so the work can be performed on the exterior foundation walls.

2: Excavation - A structural engineer is required to define the depth of the excavation. All surface soils should be eliminated to uncover the soil that is properly compressed to carry the weight of the building.

The depth will differ for each building. The top of the footing should remain underneath the frost line since it resists the concrete from cracking when the freeze-thaw cycle happens in the soil that encircles the building.

3: Footings - A footing stands for a poured concrete pathway that is applied to expand the weight of the building from the foundation walls to the soil. They are larger as compared to the foundation walls that they are supporting and create the perimeter of the building. In some cases, there exist extra footings which are provided inside the perimeter to provide support to the load-bearing walls.

4: Sub Slab - Normally, plumbing lines are arranged from the street to the building’s basement by passing over or even below the footing. It occurs for the buildings which contain their own separate sewage facility or drain field. A poured concrete slab is used to cover these lines.

5: Foundation Drainage System - Subsurface water is preserved and pushed away from the foundation to get rid of pooling water or flooding. The foundation drainage tile is constructed with an incessant run of punched drainage pipes which are implanted in gravel along the foundation of the building. In some areas, a sump pump may also be needed to facilitate accumulating the subsurface water.

To gather knowledge on other steps, go through the following link civilengineersforum.com



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Common structural members in a building

In this civil engineering article, you will get detail information on different types of structural members in a building.

Beam: Beam stands for a flexure member of the structure. It is exposed to transverse loading like vertical loads, and gravity loads. With these loads, shear and bending are formed inside the beam. Beams belong to horizontal structural members to bear a load successfully.

Beam is generally applied for withstanding vertical loads, shear forces and bending moments.

Columns: A long vertical member that mostly undergoes compressive loads & buckling loads is known as column. Columns stand for vertical, structural members of a structure. They transmit load from beams to footings. Columns are mostly utilized to support beams or arches on which the upper sections of walls or ceilings rest.

Strut: Strut is a compressive member of a structure. This structural member is driven from opposite ends. The purpose of a strut is to withstand compression.

Ties: A tie stands for a structural member that is extended from opposite ends. A tie mainly deals with tension.

Beam-Column: A structural member that is exposed to compression and flexure is known as beam column.

Grid: A group of beams which overlap each other at right angles and exposed to vertical loads is known as grid.

Cables and Arches: Cables are normally suspended at their ends and are granted to sag. The forces then turn to pure tension and are headed along the axis of the cable. Arches have the similarity with cables apart from they are inverted. They bear compressive loads which are directed along the axis of the arch.

Plates and Slabs: Plates belong to three dimensional flat structural components generally constructed with metal which are frequently utilized in floors and roofs of structures. Slabs are identical to plates apart from that they are normally constructed with concrete.



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Plaster of Paris In Construction – Uses and Benefits

Plaster of Paris (POP) is a elementary building material that is mainly applied for coating walls and ceilings as well as for making architectural designs. It comes as dry powder and gets solidified when used along with water and heat.

The following types of plaster of paris is mainly available :-

a. Plaster of paris (Gypsum)
b. Lime Plaster
c. Cement Plaster

POP is originated by incomplete calcination of gypsum or calcium sulfate at 100 – 190 degree C without any admixture. The setting time is 5 – 20 min.

Benefits of Plaster of Paris:

1. It is light in weight and long lasting.
2. It contains low thermal conductivity.
3. It has strong resistance capacity against fire and it is considered as a very good heat insulating material.
4. It does not shrink at the time of setting and as a result it does not form cracks at the time of heating or setting.
5. It develops a thick surface to withstand normal knocks once drying is completed.
6. It blends easily with water and disperses quickly and level.
7. It contains good adhesion on fibrous materials.
8. It provides a solid surface on which the colours are set.
9. It does not provide any chemical action on paint and does not produce alkali attack.
10. Plaster of Paris provides a elegant interior finish. Due to inclusion of gypsum in POP, there is lot of shine and smoothness.
11. It can be easily changed into any shape.

Drawbacks of Plaster of Paris:

1. Gypsum plaster is not recommended for exterior finish as it is dissolved in water to some extent.
2. It’s cost is high as compared to cement or cement lime plaster.
3. It cannot be applied in moist situations.
4. Skilled labor should be appointed for proper application and consequently huge labour cost is required for using plaster of Paris.



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How to calculate quantity of earthwork in road

In this civil engineering video tutorial, you will learn step-by-step guidelines for measuring the quantity of earthwork (soil) in road, railway, canal work with the help of mean area method.

For explanation, the solution is given on the following example :-

Example – Calculate the quantity of earthwork for an embankment with length 120 m and width 10 m at the top. Side slope is given as 2:1 and depths at each 30 m distance are 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 1.2 and 0.8 m.

The calculation is done through a table. The table contains various heads like Road station, depth, centre area, side area, total area, mean area, intervals and quantity.

The work of road will start from 0 point. So, in road station column in the table, the values will be given as 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 (as distance is given as 30 m).

In depth column, provide the values as 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 1.2 and 0.8 m

To calculate center area, the following formula will be used :-
B x d = Breadth or width x Depth

After putting the values, we get the following result :-
10 x 0.4 = 4 meter
In this way, the other values can be determined easily.

To determine the side area, the following formula will be used :-
Sd2, here S denotes slope and d denotes depth.

After putting the values, we get the following output :-
2 x 0.42 = 0.32 m2 (as sloe is given by 2:1)
In this way, the other values can be determined easily.

Total area will be calculated with the following formula :-
Bd + Sd2 = Center Area + Side area
To determine the mean area, first, sum up the first two rows of total area and then divide it with 2 i.e. 4.32 + 6.72 /2 = 5.52 meter. In this way, other values can be calculated.
The value of intervals is given as 30 meter.

Finally, the total area will be calculated as follow :-
Mean area x Intervals

After putting the values, we get the following result :-
5.52 x 30 = 165.6 m2
In this way, the other values can be calculated.
Total filling or embankment will be determined by summing up all the quantities and it will be 1389.6 m3
So, the total quantity of soils for filling or embankment of the road = 1389.6 m3

To get more clear ideas, go through the following video tutorial.

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Get some easy to follow tips for executing brick masonry from Floor to roof

Brick masonry work is one of the most vital part of building construction. In this informative construction article, you will learn how to accomplish the complete brick masonry work from Earth beam to roof.

The following four major steps are involved in brick masonry work :-

1. up to basement
2. up to sill level
3. up to lintel level
4. up to roof level.

Brick masonry up to Basement:

Prior to erect brick masonry, the most crucial task is to finish all adjoining column up to basement.

It is recommended to execute the column rising work prior to brick masonry otherwise the following problems may occur :-

While erecting brick wall, shedding of mortar should be provided in to the column bottom to make it rigid and not smoothly detachable.

In next day, as soon as the shuttering work is completed, some saw dust from different shuttering materials like plywood, timber also shedding in to the column bottom. They can’t be detached easily after shuttering.

When the column concrete is arranged after the completion of the brick masonry, the water in the concrete is absorbed with dry brick wall and a dry concrete is placed there devoid of adequate water cement ratio and it leads to a weak structure.

Therefore, the exact method is to initially execute the column work and after that accomplish the brick wall.

Initially, cleanse the entire earth beam with water and ready surface. Employ semi solid cement slurry on it. Spatter the brick with water. Chip the column sides by chisel and make the column surface rough so that a perfect binding is formed with brick joint.

Initially, erect the brick masonry as a reference pillar similar to a benchmark in all corners by applying the plump, set square and verify each opposite brick wall corner with level for each 3 courses. Alter the thickness of the mortar to retain the proper level. Abide by the remaining unless it attains the basement.

There will be 2 options just like above. Any one method can be applied at corners and in cross wall extension.

In the 1st method, there should be no weak straight joints. Mortar can be easily provided.

In the 2nd method, there should be weak straight joint. Mortar can't be easily provided for progressing further.

Once the corner reference wall is finished, each course can be formed one by one by attaching a strong thread among the two benchmark and thus the whole basement will be finished easily.

To get more detail information, go through the following link youtoobuild.blogspot.com

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Some common types of columns (14 types) in building construction

Various sections of structures are supported with different types of columns. Column stands for a vertical structural member that bears loads primarily in compression.

It generally transmits loads from a ceiling, floor slab, roof slab, or from a beam, to a floor or foundations.

Usually, columns also bear bending moments about one or both of the cross-section axes. Given below, the detail lists of columns mostly found in building construction :-

Columns are categorized on the basis of the following factors :

1. Types of Reinforcement
2. Types of Loading
3. Slenderness Ratio
4. Shape
5. Construction Material

Depending on types of reinforcement:

1. TIED COLUMN: Reinforced concrete is the prime material to build up this type of column. Longitudinal reinforcement is enclosed inside narrowly placed tie reinforcement. It is considered that 95% of all columns in buildings are tied.

2. SPIRAL COLUMN: Reinforced concrete is used to construct spiral column. In this type of column, longitudinal bars are enclosed inside narrowly placed and constantly distressed spiral reinforcement.

Spiral reinforcement offers lateral restrains (Poisson’s effect) and defers axial load failure (ductile).

3. COMPOSITE COLUMN: A composite column is formed if the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section or pipe including or excluding of longitudinal bars.

This type of column contains greater strength containing fairly small cross section, apart from showing good fire performance.

4. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN: If vertical axial loads operate on the center of gravity of the cross-section of the column, then it is called as axially loaded column.

Axially loaded column is seldom found in construction as synchronizing vertical loads on the center of gravity of column cross section is not possible.

Instance of this type of column is Interior column of multi-storey buildings having symmetrical loads from floor slabs from all sides.

5. COLUMN WITH UNIAXIAL ECCENTRIC LOADING: If vertical loads do not synchronize with center of gravity of column cross section, but rather function eccentrically either on X or Y axis of the column cross section, then it is known as uniaxially eccentric loading column.

Column with uniaxial loading are usually adopted in the case of columns firmly attached with beam from one side only like edge columns.

6. COLUMN WITH BIAXIAL ECCENTRIC LOADING: When vertical on the column is not synchronized with center of gravity of column cross section and does not operate on either axis (X and Y axis), then the column is known as biaxially eccentric loaded column.

Columns with biaxial loading are normally found in corner columns having beams firmly attached with right angles at the top of columns.

To learn how column is categorized on the basis of slender ratio and construction material, go through the following link allengineeringideas.blogspot.com



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Stress Control by Deflecting & Debonding Tendons in PSC Design

If precast beams contain straight, fully bonded tendons, they can be easily detailed and manufactured. The main benefit of pre-stressing is that it can apply the dead toad of the unit to minimize the transmission of the tensile stresses in the concrete.

But dead load is lost in such members since this tension remains most critical at the ends of the beams, where the alleviating effect owing to dead load is zero. The methods of deflecting and debonding tendons are frequently applied in pre-tensioned beams to obtain a pre-stress distribution much like that is obtained by the draped profiles of post-tensioned systems. It maintains some of the dead-load benefits, which lead to fewer tendons in the beams or a slightly smaller depth of beam than would be feasible with straight, fully bonded tendons.

Stress Control by Deflecting Tendons: The method of deflecting some of the tendons upwards towards the ends of a beam at a proper position along the span transfers the important section at transfer to this position, where vital relieving stresses as beam dead-load bending moment is accessible. Based on the stress computations for the end regions of the beam, the design engineer set the number of tendons to be deflected and the position of the deflection point.

The deflection point normally remains in the neighborhood of the quarter-span position, where three-quarters of the mid-span value of dead-load moment is accessible to neutralize the tensile stress (top fibre) because of pre-stress at transfer.

The angle of deflection of these tendons are placed in such a manner that the effective eccentricity and the pre-stressing force of the tendons do not generate a tensile stress of more than N/mm2 at transfer at the important sections, a limit set in the Code.

This method of deflecting tendons is specifically effective where continuity for live loads should be set in the finished structure since by deflecting some of the tendons upwards towards the ends of a beam, some compressive stresses are produced in the top fibre at the ends. This is useful for withstanding tensile stresses occurred because of the hogging moments caused by the passage of live loads on the superstructure. It also minimizes the formation of compressive stress in the bottom fibre because of prestress and live loads or any other loads at the ends of the beam.

Another benefit of deflected tendons is that the Code allows the vertical component of the tendon force to be applied in withstanding the imposed shear force on the beams in areas which stay flexurally uncracked at the ultimate limit state. This component is also suitable for the flexurally cracked regions and for examining the maximum shear stress condition in the member. Due to some limited test evidence, however, the Code does not allow relief against shear in these later conditions. Actually, the shear resistance of any section is decided in both flexurally cracked and uncracked modes and the lower value is selected. The shear links are then designed to bear the rest of the enforced shear force. Because only the tendons which are situated within the web width are deflected, the strand pattern for the whole unit should be cautiously chosen so that sufficient strands are available for deflecting upwards towards the ends to meet the stress conditions during the length of the beam.

To get more details, go through the following link engineeringcivil.org



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Details of top down construction method

Under top down construction method, the basement concrete slabs function as lateral bracing toward the perimeter wall system. Ground level and first basement slabs are poured, with access holes left to facilitate excavation below. Since every succeeding sub-grade level is finished, the floors perform as lateral bracing toward the perimeter wall system.

Top-down method is mostly suitable for two types of urban structures, tall buildings containing deep basements and underground structures like car parks, underpasses and subway stations. In such a circumstance the basement floors are built up as the excavation steps forward.

The top/down method is utilized for deep excavation projects where tieback installation can’t be done and soil movements should be reduced. Top-down construction method saves the entire construction time. So, it is mainly implemented for some major projects where time is a key factor.

The sequence construction starts with retaining wall set up and then load-bearing elements to support the future super-structure. The basement columns (generally steel beams) are built up prior to starting of excavation and rest on the load bearing elements. These load bearing elements normally belong to concrete barrettes constructed under slurry (or caissons).

Construction method: Given below, the detail construction method for top down construction :-

• Built up the retaining wall.
• Build up piles. Arrange the steel columns or stanchions where the piles will be developed.
• Carry on the first phase of excavation.
• Cast the floor slab of first basement level
• Start to build up the superstructure
• Carry on the second phase of excavation; cast the floor slab of the second basement level.
• Reiterate the similar method unless the required depth is attained.
• Develop the foundation slab and ground beams, etc. Finish the basement work.
• Continue constructing the superstructure unless it is completed.

To learn the step-by-step process in detail, go through the following video presentation.

Video Source: geobuuk

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How soil cement is used in earthfill dams & embankments

Now-a-days soil cement as a facing material for earthfill dams is considered very cost-effective where proper riprap is unavailable near the site.

A fairly rigid foundation is suitable in order that deformation after disposition of soil-cement is not vital; however, no uncommon design features should be integrated into the embankment.

Normal embankment construction methods are followed, with perhaps proper precaution to make sure a minimum of embankment consolidation and foundation settlement once the construction is completed.

The soil-cement is normally arranged and compacted in stair-step horizontal layers. It provides greater construction efficiency and operational potency. With standard embankment slopes of 2:1 and 4:1, a horizontal layer with 8 feet width will set least protective thicknesses of about 2 and 3l/2 feet correspondingly, measured normal to the slope.

It starts at the lowest layer of soil-cement, each subsequent layer is stepped back a distance equivalent to the product of the compacted layer thickness in feet times the embankment slope.

As for instance, if the compacted thickness is 6 inches and the slope is 2:1, the step back is = 0.5(2) = 1 foot. The normal compacted layer thickness is 6 inches. Soil-cement layers of this dimension is positioned efficiently and compressed with standard highway equipment.

A plating system that develops a single soil-cement layer parallel to the slope is often applied in less critical areas for slope protection. If the soil-cement facing does not start at natural ground level, the lower part of the embankment should remain on a flatter slope than the part safeguarded by the soil-cement; or a beam is arranged at the lowest elevation of the facing. It is necessary that the soil-cement expand underneath the minimum water level and over the maximum water level.

The top of the facing should contain a freeboard allowance of minimum 1.2 times the projected maximum wave height, or 5 feet, whichever is higher. The edges of the finished soil-cement layers should not be cropped since the rounded starstep effect allows retard wave runup. Soil-cement is produced with different types of soils.

The main standard for finding out the soil type is gradation. Coarse sandy or gravelly soils having about 10 to 25 percent material passing the No.200 sieve are perfect (American Society for Testing and Materials Standard Sieve Series). These soils are sufficiently stabilized with from 3 to 5 sacks of cement per cubic yard of compacted soil cement.

Standard compaction and placement control for soil-cement is recommended. If the amount of material smaller than the No.200 sieve surpasses 35 percent, some effort to determine a coarse material is appropriate from a processing cost standpoint. Soils with 50 percent or more material passing the No.200 sieve are not suggested for being applied in their natural state.

To get more details, go through the following link aboutcivil.org



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Benefits of floating column

Floating Column or Hanging Columns: The floating column belongs to a vertical member that is laid on a beam and it doesn’t deliver the load directly to the foundation. The floating column operates as a point load on the beam and this beam transmits the load to the columns situated under it.

The column may set out on the first or second or any other midmost floor as resting on a beam. Generally, columns are laid the foundation to deliver load from slabs and beams. But the floating column is laid on the beam.

It signifies that the beam providing support to the column performs as a foundation. That beam is known as a transfer beam. This is extensively applied in high storied buildings for both commercial and residential purpose. It facilitates to customize and rectify the plan of the top floors. The transfer beam that provides support to the floating column, reassigns the loads up to foundation. For this reason, it should have been designed with more reinforcement.

Floating Column in Buildings: In recent times, multi-storey buildings are developed for the purpose of residential, commercial, industrial etc., containing an open ground storey. To provide space for parking, the ground storey is reserved free devoid of any constructions, exclusive of the columns which move the building weight to the ground.

For a hotel or commercial building, usually, there are banquet halls, conference rooms, lobbies, show rooms or parking areas in lower floor, hence large alternate space is necessary for the transition of people or vehicles. The columns which are narrowly placed in the upper floors, should not be located in the lower floors. Hence, to get rid of this issue, floating column concept becomes vital.

In urban areas, multi storey buildings are developed supported with floating columns at the ground floor for the different objectives. These buildings with floating columns are treated as secured under gravity loads and therefore are designed only for those loads. But these buildings are not suitable for earthquake loads and hence, these buildings are treated as insecure in seismic prone areas.

When the floating columns are arranged in buildings in seismic prone areas, the whole earthquake of the system is allocated with the column or the shear walls devoid of assessing any contribution from the floating columns.

Floating Column & Earthquake: The floating columns are useful for various projects specifically over the ground floor, where transfer girders are used with the purpose of providing more open space in the Ground Floor.

In the earthquake prone zones, the transfer girders which are applied should be designed and detailed correctly. If no lateral loads exist, the design and detailing work will not be complicated.

Concept of floating column primarily includes disrupting flow of transfer of EQ force.

• Floating columns must be designed as a normal compression member.
• At the time of designing transfer beam, it is designed as beam bearing all that load of column as a single point load.
• It should be remembered that EQ force developed should be reduced along the shortest path. It means load is dispersed between two intermediate columns which provide support to that beam.

High shear capacity beams/deep beams are utilized to provide support to the floating column. In some areas, the floating columns are inevitable. So, it is essential to alter code provisions for deep beams.

Article Source: engineeringcivil.org



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How verticality of structure is checked during construction

It is essential to verify the verticality while building up the construction at various phases like setting up vertical formworks of columns and transmitting levels up succeeding floors of multi storey structures.

Different types of processes are used to manage or verify verticality works throughout building construction which are explained below :-

The following processes are followed to verify or manage verticality works:

1. Plumb-Bob Technique: Plumb-bob comprises of a weight having pointed tip on the bottom connected with the end of a string. The heavy weight will suspend under gravity and provide a perfect vertical line that is known as plumb line.

This process is useful for examining or managing vertical line of structural elements specifically indoors like lift shaft. With the addition to that, it gets the ability to manage verticality of foundation, walls, and columns.

The wind force affects the plumb line or vertical line of plumb-bob and it’s perfectness can’t be retained. Small to medium lateral movement of plumb-bob can be decreased favorably by moistening it in oil or water.

If structural member’s height is extensive, then the string can be substituted with a long wire, but persistent cautions should be plasticized to get rid of imposing risks to the personals working below.

2. Spirit Level Method: This tool is very suitable for managing verticality of small scale works as for instance verifying formworks and door frames. If spirit level is applied for approximate checks, then it becomes essential to examine the verticality with more precise technique.

3. Theodolite Method: Theodolite is considerably robust instrument that can be utilized to verify the verticality works throughout construction by maintaining exactness and correctness.

It is undertaken for examining or managing verticality of towers, wall, foundation and columns; specifically huge number of columns along a one grid line.

The slope out of plumb line of the member can be calculated with Theodolite in conjunction with a tape.

The following methods are applied to examine the verticality of column:

a. Arranging the digital Theodolite to the center on a peg that installed 500 mm from the column grid.
b. Once set up is completed properly, the laser beam will be activated and concentrated it to the steel tape that is retained to the formwork.
c. Obtain the reading of the steel tape via the telescope.
d. Obtain the readings of two positions at the equivalent level on both top and bottom levels of the formwork. With two readings at the equivalent level, it will be possible to recognize any curvature on the surface.

4. Optical Plummet Method: It is a useful tool that sight directly down or directly up. There is an automatic compensator in optical plummet that enhances its precision drastically concerning other methods applied for managing verticality.

Article Source: theconstructor.org



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How to use kani’s method for making analysis of continuous beam

In this construction video tutorial, the renowned civil engineer, Mr. Parag Pal, has briefly explained how kanis method is used to continuous beam that contains fixed ends, to evaluate the beam and obtain the final moments.

The continuous beam comprises of the point load and the UDL load.

This method was developed by Dr. Gasper Kani of Germany in 1947.

The method provides a iterative scheme for employing slope deflection method. It is mostly recognized for frame analysis.

It comprises allotting the unidentified fixed end moments of structural members to adjoining joints, with the purpose of meeting the conditions of continuity of slopes and displacements.

Benefits:

1. Kani’s method circulates the total joint moment at any phase of iteration.

2. The more crucial feature of Kani’s method is that it is self reformative. If any fault occurs at any phase of iteration, amendment is made in consequent steps.

Framed structures are seldom symmetric and dependent on side sway, therefore Kani’s method is considered as greatest and much easier as compared to other methods like moment distribution method and slope displacement method.

To get more information on kani’s method, go through the following video tutorial.

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How to choose perfect brand of cement for house construction

The cement is considered as one of the most vital materials in building construction. It enhances the stability of any construction. So, the proper should be taken regarding the selection of cement as wrong selection can hamper the quality of construction.

While going to select the cement, the following queries may appear in mind :-

What type of cement should be chosen?

If similar type can be applied for all cement applications?
Which cement brand should be perfect for work?
Accessibility of cement chosen during construction period?

Given below, the solution of the above query, so that the perfect brand of cement can be selected.

1. What type of Cement should be chosen: Diverse forms of cement can be found in building works for different purposes. So, it is vital to recognize the properties of each type of cement and their applications. Normally, three types of cements are applied in general construction purposes which range from Ordinary Portland Cement (43 Grade & 53 Grade), Portland Pozzolana Cement and Portland Slag Cement.

Given below, different applications of these cements: OPC 53 Grade cement is effective in all RCC structures like footing, column, beam and slabs, where ever primary and final strength are considered as the most important structural requirement.

PPC and PSC cements are mostly recommended for general construction works as well as Masonry, Plaster, Tiling works since primary strength is not a prime factor of performance in this application.

2. Can similar type of Cement be utilized for all Cement Applications?

Various types of Cement contain diverse properties which can save huge money and make the quality of construction better.

The type of cement suggested for all RCC works is OPC 53 Grade because they contain extreme initial and ultimate strength, which are primary conditions for structural requirement (i.e., in RCC Members).

It is suggested to utilize PPC or PSC, whichever is cost-effective, for non-structural/masonry purposes like Masonry, Plaster, Tiling works etc.. These cements contain slower rate of heat of hydration and produce less cracks and lower shrinkage). They have greater functionality and can be completed in a superior manner because of the existence of fly ash in PPC & GGBFS in PSC.

To get more information, go through the following construction article www.happho.com

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Rajib Dey

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Why RC Structural Slabs and Beams are provided in plinth level

Given below, the detailed information on the importance of arranging RC structural slabs and beams at plinth level (GF-Finished Floor Level).

Wherever low/poor bearing capacity soils met with, the Architects and also certain Builders think and believe that If the bearing strength of soils become weak or low, RC Structural slabs & Beams may be arranged at plinth level (GF-Finished floor level) with the purpose of preventing settlement of foundation and subsequent development of cracks in walls.

By applying your own experience and expertise in foundation structure, it is possible to have clear idea on the behavior of weak bearing soil if loaded heavily. The foundation cost is raised by 50% with the inclusion of the cost of setting up RC Structural Slabs & Beams.

But the provision of RC structural slabs and Beams at plinth level may not be considered as useful solution to get rid of foundation settlement and subsequent cracks. Rather it will be treated as extra expenses that is incurred on the construction of structure.

It is recommended to apply the following measures to resist the settlement of foundation systems and wall cracks efficiently.

The foundation soil at a depth of 00 m to 2.70m (if it belongs to a weak bearing soil like soft/medium clay) should be artificially reinforced with Geogrids/Geotex layers supported with Quarry dust:Gravel Mix 1:3 or cement.

Quarry dust 1:10 mix in 4 or 5 layers of 200 mm thick will enhance the SBC of soil at 2.00m/1.80m level to 200kN/m2 from 100kN/m2.

Arrange an extra layer of Geogrid/Geotex over and then apply the PCC 1:5:10 for 100 mm. Over which the foundation system should be provided as designed-combined strip Raft/combined/isolated footings as per situation. Inspite, under reamed piles with pile cap may be arranged directly.

To get more details, go through the following link onlinecivilforum.com


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