Base Isolation System in Building Construction

Base isolation is a best in class technique where the structure (superstructure) is isolated from the base (foundation or substructure) by presenting a suspension system between the base and the primary structure.

In the setting of seismic design of structures, base isolation can be supplanted with seismic isolation i.e., the structure over the ground, which is generally influenced during earthquakes, is isolated from the impacts of earthquake powers by presenting an instrument that will assist the structure with hovering.

The idea of base isolation is very simple to get a handle on. It very well may be clarified as a fowl flying during an earthquake isn't influenced. In straightforward words if structure is drifting on its base, the development of ground will have no impact on the structure.

Motivation behind Base Isolation: Wind and Earthquake are the most transcendent loads that request sidelong design of a structure. Once more, earthquake load isn't controllable and it isn't handy to design a structure for an uncertain seismic interest. The Only pragmatic methodology left is to acknowledge an interest and ensure the limit is more than the interest.

The inertial powers caused because of the earthquake is legitimately corresponding to the mass of the structure and the ground speeding up. Expanding pliability of the structure or expanding the versatile quality of the structure is the most customary strategy for taking care of seismic interest. Specialist needs to build the limit to surpass the interest.

Base isolation adopts a contrary strategy, for example to decrease the seismic interest as opposed to expanding the limit. Controlling ground movement is incomprehensible, however we can adjust the interest on structure by forestalling/decreasing the movements being moved to the structure from foundations.

Guideline of Base Isolation: The essential standard behind base isolation is that the reaction of the structure or a structure is adjusted to such an extent that the ground underneath is fit for moving without transmitting negligible or no movement to the structure above. A total division is conceivable just in a perfect system. In a certifiable situation, it is important to have a vertical help to move the vertical loads to the base.

The overall displacement of ground and the structure is zero for an entirely rigid, zero period structure, since the speeding up instigated in the structure is the same as that of ground movement. While in a perfect flexible structure, there is no increasing speed actuated in the structure, accordingly relative displacement of the structure will be equivalent to the ground displacement.

No Structure is totally rigid or flexible, hence, the reaction of the structure will be between the two clarified previously. Most extreme increasing speed and displacements are a component of earthquakes for periods between zero to limitlessness. During earthquakes there will be a scope of periods at which speeding up in the structure will be intensified past most extreme ground increasing speed, however relative displacements may not surpass top ground displacements. Base isolation is the perfect strategy to cook this, by lessening the exchange of movement, the displacement of building is controlled.

Displacement happens at CG of the structures for fixed base structures, which will be approx. two-third stature for structures and at isolation plane for base disengaged structures with lesser displacement inside the structure. The reaction of a base confined structure and a structure without base isolation can be delineated as appeared in the figure beneath. The displacement and quickening is constrained by base isolation.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Top 10 Tallest Buildings of 2020

1. Jeddah Tower

Could this be the year that the tallest synthetic structure ever at long last tops out? Development of the Jeddah Tower in Saudi Arabia has been tormented by political, financial and work issues, with the proposed finish date of 2020 estimated to be unreasonable for a long time now.

Be that as it may, ongoing clamors clue that development might be ventured up in the coming months so there stays a likelihood that the structure planned by Adrian Smith with Gordon Gill Architecture may arrive at its last stature of around 1,000 meters before the year's over. Simply don't wager your home on it.

2. Wuhan Greenland Center

It may appear to be credulous to continue remembering this tower for Shanghai in our rundown, yet following an ongoing suspension of development work, progress is set to continue and the tower may yet arrive at its full height in 2020.

Similarly as with Jeddah Tower, the undertaking has been assailed by a pile of issues, including the need to downsize its proposed stature to 475 meters because of airspace guidelines.

3. Dongguan International Trade Center

Some portion of a complex of five separate structures in downtown Dongguan, this 432-meter tower will transcend a six-story retail platform containing stores and cafés. The plan by worldwide design firm 5+design is propelled by Dongguan's characteristic environmental factors in the Pearl River Delta.

The structure is arranged to give an immediate view to the close by Huanggi Mountain. Its angled outline references the bud of the Yulan magnolia and it is topped with a representative lamp.

4. Diamond Tower

Subtleties are meager about the ventures presently under development in Saudi Arabia, yet while we anticipate refreshes on the advancement of Jeddah Tower, it shows up this 432-meter private supertall is probably going to top out in 2020. In the event that it does, the 93-story tower will turn into the second tallest structure in Saudi Arabia and one of the tallest private structures on the planet.

The structure credited to Buruoj Engineering Consultancy is striking for its winding structure and it is guaranteed that, when finished, it will be the main structure on the planet to turn an entire 360 degrees along its tallness.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Calculate the Blocks Required for a Wall

Hi there, folks! Today, we will see how we can find out the number of blocks required to build a wall. Calculating the number of blocks, like bricks of some kind, can be a little tricky, despite seeming simple. So, please follow this guide carefully.

Number Of Concrete Blocks In A Wall: There are a few strategies for figuring the number of blocks in a wall. In this article, I will disclose two straightforward strategies to discover absolute no. of blocks for a wall.

1. Surface area strategy.
2. Volume strategy.

Surface Area Strategy: Data you need

1. Surface area of the wall.
2. Surface area of a standard solid block.
3. Surface area of openings in the wall.

Step 1
Decide The Length and Height Of The Wall:
Let, the Length of the wall = 10 feet.
The height of the wall = 10 feet.

Step 2
Compute The Surface Area Of The Wall:
We know, Surface Area = Length x Height
∴ Surface area of the wall = 10 x 10 = 100 sq. feet.



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Published By
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www.constructioncost.co
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Instructions to Lay Pipe Culverts

Pipe culvert is a passage structure built utilizing pipes under roads or railways to give cross seepage or to take electrical or different links starting with one side then onto the next. Pipe culvert, box culvert, and curve culvert are the normal sorts of culverts utilized under roadways and railroads.

In this article, we talk about the excavation, bedding, laying, jointing, and inlaying strategy of pipe culverts.

Excavation: The foundation for pipe culverts will be uncovered to the lines and levels, as appeared in the drawings. The pipes will be set either in the shallow excavation of the normal ground or in open channels made in existing banks.

At the spots where the stature of fill surpasses multiple occasions the outer distance across of the pipe, the dike will be raised to a level over the highest point of the pipe, and to a width at the very least multiple times the measurement of the pipe.

The additional width of the excavation in channels will be at least 150mm or one-fourth of the measurement of the pipe, whichever is more. At no spot, the additional width will be more than 33% the distance across of the pipe.

The vertical sides of the channel will be as vertical as could be expected under the circumstances. Assuming delicate, supple, or other flimsy soil is experienced during excavation, such unacceptable material will be evacuated to such length, width, and depth as coordinated by the specialist.

The inlaying of the excavation of the pipe culvert will be finished with granular material, which will be appropriately molded and completely compacted up to the predetermined level. Where bed-rock or rock layers is experienced, 200mm profound excavation will be completed from the base degree of the pipe, and all stone/rocks around there are evacuated and the space is loaded up with earth, liberated from stone or divided material.



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Published By
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Twin Hospitals Built in 4 Weeks in Georgia out of Shipping Containers

China had built a speciality hospital in 10 days, and the brits did it in two weeks. It seems, America is not far behind either. And they took an ingenious approach to build the hospital.

There is a coronavirus hotspot in Albany, Georgia in the united States. And they needed a speciality hospital for the hordes of COVID-19 patients and they needed it fast. So, the Georgia Emergency Management and Homeland Security Agency (GEMA) was the first to reach out to BMarko Structures about the hospital design. 

Antony Kountouris, CEO, BMarko Structures, started his company almost six years ago. He believes the off-site modular construction would eventually dominate the industry. “With modular construction, you're able to do work in conjunction with your peers and your coatings while you're building the box for delivery to the site,” he said.

And in the case of this 4-week-deadline hospital building, Kountouris was able to deliver a plan within days of asking, using a special strategy: shipping containers! Shipping containers are plentiful, affordable, and useful. With 14-ga. walls that are 2 mm thick, the containers provided a solid option for a company looking for quick construction that could deliver on functionality. Over the years the container method of construction proved itself worthwhile. 

Kountouris recognized that the shipping containers might be a good way to deliver much-needed medical space to communities seeing their hospitals overrun with COVID-19 cases. “The containers made sense for the COVID-19 response,” said Kountouris, ensuring that they were immediately available for construction. He added, “The containers are ready-made. You have to build them up, but you don’t have to start from the ground up like you would with a steel or wood module.”

The goal was quite daunting. Each hospital comprises 21 containers, which has 24 patient rooms and auxiliary rooms dedicated to oxygen management; electrical distribution; data management; air exchange; and vacuum functions, which are necessary for each of the 24 head walls that are a part of the patient rooms.

However, at first Kountouris asked for eight weeks of time for a hospital. When GEMA told him they can give him four weeks only for two facilities, it pretty much quadrupled his work. Unfazed, he replied, “I guess I’ll need more space and more people, but I’ll find them.”



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Recent Study Says Residential Construction Markets Tumble Due to Covid-19

As per the most recent research, Lisbon, Monaco, Vienna and Shanghai are the main four worldwide prime private markets set to see value development all through the rest of 2020. As the effect of Covid-19 negatively affects luxury private property showcases around the globe, the prime private property market of Mumbai is required to see a value fall of 5% in the year 2020. For the year 2021, Mumbai's prime private market is relied upon to observe a value decrease of 3%. 

Examination of 20 urban areas comprehensively features the heading of movement at prime private costs in 2020 and 2021 dependent on projections for request and gracefully, the effect of Covid-19 in the various markets and the differing government boost estimates declared. The size of worldwide financial vulnerability is remarkable and thus putting an accurate figure on conjectures is testing. 

Thus, the researchers has set the 20 urban areas examined into four value groups including markets that will see: solid value development (+5% or progressively), low value development (0% to 5%), level or low value falls (0% to - 5%) and solid value falls (- 5% or more). 



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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What is Chain Surveying (Principles, Procedure, Method, Instrument)

Among the different strategies for surveying, the usually utilized strategy is called chain surveying. For less exact works chain is utilized while, for progressively exact and exact work different kinds of surveys are utilized.

Standards of Chain Surveying: The rule of chain surveying is to give a skeleton structure of straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are pre-decided either with a chain or a surveying tape.

The structure should generally comprise triangles. For instance, if all the four sides of the figure "ABCD" are known, the figure can't be plotted except if we know in any event the extent of one point.

Yet, on the off chance that we isolate the consideration along with two triangles by an inclining AC or BD whose length has recently been resolved, the plotting is conceivable because of the development of triangles of known sides. Or then again as such, if the lengths AB, BC, CD, DA, and BD are known, the quadrilateral ABCD can be plotted without knowing any edge.

BaseLine: The longest chain line in chain surveying is frequently called the BaseLine. It is the most Important line, repairs the headings of every single other line. Since the precision of the entire survey work relies on the exactness of the gauge, it ought to be laid off on the ground level however much as could reasonably be expected. Gauge should go through the focal point of the zone. It is estimated precisely, and all the fundamental redresses are applied.

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Published By
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www.constructioncost.co
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Ideas to increase Durability and Quality for Brick Masonry

Brick Masonry is used in most construction projects, in one place or other. In many of the places it is a significant portion of the structure - often weight bearing. For this reason, it is imperative that the quality of the brick masonry remains top notch. Special care has to be taken to ascertain high durability and quality of it.

Here we list 5 key ideas about how you can increase the durability and quality of brick masonry.

1. Good Materials

To make something good, you must use top quality raw materials. It is imperative to use good quality bricks to construct good brick masonry. Use only hard, sound, well burnt and uncracked bricks. They should all have uniform color and shape. They should not have air holes or bubbles, stone lumps, and other deformities. Soak the bricks for two hours before using.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to make Salt Finish Concrete Surface

Salt Finish Concrete Surface is used in pavements, driveways and courtyards, creating a subtly rough texture to plain concrete. It effectively offers great skid resistance that lasts a very long time. It is also aesthetically more pleasant than simple or colored concrete, or broom finish concrete.

Coarse rock salt crystals are spread over the soft concrete and then inserted by using a roller on them. Afterwards, when the concrete is set, it is washed with clean water. This ensures good skid resistance and a nice subtle texture.

Let us now see the steps to make salt finish concrete surface.

Step 1. Prepare the subgrade

The subgrade has to be prepared properly if you want to have a good salt finish concrete surface. This helps you achieve uniform slab thickness, provide necessary support for the loads on the surface, and prevent cracks in the concrete.

Step 2. Place the framework and reinforcements

Provide a framework on both sides of the path to hold the concrete in one place. If the area is too large, you may want to use multiple frameworks. This should be at the same depth as the concrete. This will not only keep the soft concrete in place but also give it any 2D shape you desire.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Electric Arc Welding

The electric arc welding process utilizes an electric arc to produce warmth to dissolve the parent material and the filler material (cathode) to frame a liquid weld pool in the joint. The electric arc welding strategy is favored over different techniques because of its reasonableness.

The most normally utilized affixing techniques for joining steel members of a steel structure are welding, riveting, and catapulting. While riveting and shooting use bolts and rushes to join the workpieces, welding depends on liquefying the workpieces to meld it.

In this article, we talk about the technique of laying, creating, welding, amassing, and erection of steel structure by electric arc welding strategy.

1. Spreading Out Steel Members: A figure of the steel structure to be created will be drawn on a level stage to full scale. This might be done in full or in parts, as appeared in drawings or per the site condition. Steel tape will be utilized for estimations of the steel members.

2. Creation of Steel Members: In all steelworks, shop drawings will give total subtleties for the creation of the steel part, including the area, type, length, size, and subtleties of welds. Additionally, the part will be set up preceding the genuine manufacture.

The steel members will be stamped or painted with the distinguishing proof checks as given in the shop drawings. Crafted by creation will be completed with extraordinary exactness so that these can be gathered without being unduly pressed, constrained into position, or stressed.

At the point when developed, the members will be valid and liberated from wind, crimps, clasps, or open joints. The layouts will at that point be set apart on the steel members, and spots of welding will be shown on them.


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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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MMRC and Chennai Metro Rail Projects in India Restart After Partial Lifting of Lockdown

After the partial lifting of restrictions on important construction work, construction work has resumed in two major metro rail projects in India. One of them is in Pune, developed by the MMRC (Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation). The other is in Chennai, by CMRL (Chennai Metro Rail Limited).

The MMRC project in Pune has been stalled for over a month, and they missed the target of covering the first five kilometers by the end of 2020. However, the MMRC started work in full vigour, with around 2000 labourers and support staff staying in camps around the site. Additionally, work on the part going over the river has also started.

The construction of the Pune Metro from PCMC to Swargate lines started in 2016 and was scheduled to finish by 2022. The work of 10 kilometers in line 1 (17 kms total) and line 2 (15 kms total) combined should have been finished in 2020. Those deadlines are going to be pushed back now.

Similarly, the metro rail construction work in Chennai has resumed after the green light from the government and civic body. This line is supposed to run from Chennai Central to Wimco Nagar, called the Phase-1 extension. The work here has been paused for nearly two months till now.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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European Standards for Aggregates: Chemical

The aggregates utilized in the creation of concrete are inactive granular materials, for example, gravel, squashed stone, sand, slag, reused concrete, and geosynthetic aggregates. The aggregates might be normal, produced, or reused.

In this article, we examine the chemical necessity of the aggregates, for example, chloride, sulfur content, and other chemical constituents according to the European Standards (EN – 12620).

1. Chlorides Content: The water-dissolvable chloride particle content of aggregates for concrete will be resolved as per EN 1744-1:1998, proviso 7, and will, on demand, be announced by the maker.

In the event that the water-dissolvable chloride particle content of the joined aggregate is known to be 0.01 % or lower (e.g., for extrication from most inland quarries), this worth can be utilized in the figuring of the chloride content of concrete.

2. Sulfur Compounds

2.1 Acid Soluble Sulfate: The corrosive solvent sulfate content of the aggregates and filler aggregates for concrete decided as per EN 1744-1:1998, provision 12, will be proclaimed as per the pertinent classification determined in the books.

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www.constructioncost.co
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Repairing Concrete Damages in Reinforced Structures

There are sure advances that should be considered so as to choose whether abandoned concrete needs repair or not, and determine legitimate repair procedure and material if repairing is required.

These repair steps would guarantee a fruitful repairing process that is done proficiently and successfully without exercise in futility and cash. Repair of concrete is required every once in a while as the structure gets old because of a few reasons. These steps are discussed below.

1. Decide Causes of Concrete Defects: The assurance of makes that drove the deformity ought to be done appropriately so as to handle the issue. In the event that the reason for damage is killed or declined, as it were, the repaired basic part would be increasingly solid and have a more extended assistance existence without the requirement for upkeep.

Be that as it may, in the event that the mindful factor of concrete damage can't, at that point a similar concrete imperfection can rehash itself later on and may bring about the misuse of cash and endeavors.

It ought to be realized that multiply or a few elements may add to the concrete deformity viable. Right now, the elements should be managed in any case the repair work would not meet its objectives.

Variables that may adversely affect the solidness and uprightness of the concrete structures are awful climate, cavitation, scraped area, fortification erosion, synthetics assaults, carbonation, breaks, plan and development deformities, and maturing of the structure.


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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Different types of BBS shape codes for steel

Sami Ullah, the renowned civil engineer, presents this useful video tutorial in civil engineering youtube channel. In this video, the detail process is given for finding out the quantity of steel as well as shape codes for the steel bars.

Shape codes are considered as the basis of a proper bar bending schedule.

While going to estimate the reinforcement detailing for various members concerning a building, small bent ups and other angle detailing should be considered in the calculation to produce valid and cost-effective bar bending schedule.

It will significantly reduce the cost and wastage of reinforcement.

In beams & slabs there exist various bent ups, cuttings, and development lengths. Each and every bend and angle presented in the member is the outcome of design calculation. Therefore, these should be carefully enforced in practice.

For small projects, it is unnecessary to compute these details, just include a few more inches and work out the Bar Bending Schedule.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How beam and lintel differs as per structural behavior & load carrying system

This construction video tutorial briefly explains the variations among beam and lintel.

Both the beam and lintel are flexural as well as horizontal members and considered as the vital parts of structural system. But these differ according to their structural behavior and load carrying system.

Given below the points of differentiation:-

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www.constructioncost.co
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The Goa-Karnataka Highway Project to Start Soon

The IRB Infrastructure Developers Ltd. have announced the commissioning of the Goa-Karnataka Border Highway to Kundapur on Wednesday. The highway is to have four lanes and have a concession life of 28 years. The projected cost of the construction is Rs. 3447 crore.

One of the biggest private companies in India to build road infrastructure, the IRB has constructed over 12600 kilometers of lanes already. With impeccable reputation, they seem to be well-suited to handle this project. With this project commissioned, all the 12 projects under the company’s wing presently ongoing are going to be revenue generating.

The actual commissioning is done by the IRB Westcoast Tollway, a subsidiary of IRB Infrastructure. They have commissioned the Goa-Karnataka Border to Kundapur 4-lane highway project. Thus it will be open for vehicular traffic.

Features of the project:

Total length of serviceable road: 61.26 km
Pedestrian underpasses: 9
Vehicular underpasses: 3
Flyovers: 4
Minor bridges: 39
Major bridges: 14
Intersections with other roads: 23
Culverts and similar passes: 573
line over bridges: 3
Toll fee collection plazas: 3
Concessional life: 28 years
Estimated total cost of construction: Rs. 3,447 crore

The company chairman and managing director Virendra D Mahaiskar said, “We are happy to commission the important coast highway infrastructure link between West and South India. We believe that the project would bring the world class and safe commuting experience of the highway infrastructure in India.”



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Minimum Foundation Depth for Houses

The foundation of a house is what holds the structure up, carries its entire weight. When you try to design a new building, you must consider how deep the foundation should be in order to properly support the building. This is called the foundation depth. It is measured by the vertical distance between the footing and the natural ground surface.

Expansive Soil: One thing to be kept in mind here that light soil has expansive properties. Due to wet and dry weathers, the soil can inflate and condense accordingly. This changes the effective natural ground surface level.

As a rule of thumb, foundations are placed under this level of soil, where such changes do not occur. That is about a meter in depth, in most cases.

However, this can be significantly higher if you have expansive soil or black cotton soil on site. This type of soil can take a load of 200-300 kpa only. Any more and the building will settle.

Groundwater Under Soil: Also, another thing to be kept in mind when deciding the minimum foundation depth is the presence of water under the ground. If the groundwater table is close to the foundation, then the soil under the foundation can flow around.

Water seeps up into the soil and makes it weak. To resist this, the bottom of the footing should be placed at a deep enough place where groundwater does not seep into the soil any more.

Cold Regions: Frost changes the nature of soil. It heaves the soil upward and that may create cavities underground. For this reason, in cold regions where snowing and/or ground frosts are normal, the foundations for outside columns or walls should be placed below the level down to which frost can affect the soil.

In the northern US, this can be as deep as 1.5 meters. Further, if the internal walls are heated, then the outer walls would require a deeper foundation so that the heat does not alter the soil properties.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Download some crucial civil engineering journals with most updated information

Go through the huge lists of civil engineering journals which are very useful for civil engineers to be updated with the most recent advancement in civil engineering fields.

The journals include original papers inside the extensive field of civil engineering which focus on the following topics :-

1. New triplet visions on sustainable building
2. Optimization of ground improvement techniques in tunnelling
3. Optimum mix for the geopolymer concrete
4. Partial replacement of sand with quarry dust in concrete
5. Performance of lightweight foamed concrete using laterite as sand replacement
6. Piezoresistive cement based materials for strain sensing
7. Properties of concrete by replacement of natural sand with artificial sand

8. Properties of concrete contain ultra fine ash
9. Properties of concrete with coconut shells as aggregate
10. Properties of concretes produced with waste ceramic tile aggregate
11. Properties of fiber reinforced polymer concrete
12. Properties of high-volume fly ash concrete incorporating nano-sio 2

Read more

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Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to find out the number of tiles required for a floor

In this construction video tutorial, you will learn how to compute quantity of tiles required in building rooms or bathrooms.

Initially, you have to determine the area of the room where the tiles will be placed.
Suppose, there is an L-shaped room and it is divided as part A and part B.

Length of room A = 3 meter
Breadth of room A = 2 meter
Length of room B = 6 meter
Breadth of room B = 2 meter

At first, calculate the area of A as follow :-
Area = Length x Breadth
After putting the above values of room A, we get
Area = 3 x 2 = 6 square meter

Then, calculate the area of B as follow :-
Area = Length x Breadth
After putting the above values of room A, we get
Area = 6 x 2 = 12 square meter

Therefore, total area = area of A + area of B = 6 + 12 = 18 square meter
Suppose the length of one tile = 600 mm = 0.6 m and breadth = 600 mm = 0.6 m
So, area of one tile = length x breadth = 0.6 x 0.6 = 0.36 square meter
There, no. of required tiles = Total Area / Area Of One Tile = 18 / 0.36 = 50 Nos. (approx)

Read more

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www.constructioncost.co
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How to Study Civil Engineering Drawings

The first step in any construction project is to prepare a visual plan for the building. This is called the drawing, a visual representation of the project with dimensions and appropriations so that civil engineers can understand what the architect actually wants them to build.

To make sure there is no misinterpretations, one needs to follow some basic steps to understand the drawing. Here is a brief guide on how to study civil engineering drawings.

Familiarize the Scale

You have to understand exactly how large the objects are going to be in real life from the drawing itself. In a civil engineering drawing, the scale is maintained religiously all throughout the documents.

Generally the scale is 1/4th or 1/8th, but there may be other variations as well. Sometimes one set of plans may contain different scales on different pages if they need to depict very large and small objects at once.

You must be able to understand at a glance the real scale of the object from the drawings.

Read more

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Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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