Basic variations among main bars and distribution bars

In this exclusive civil engineering article, you will know the difference between the main Bars and Distribution Bars in slab reinforcement.

Main bars and Distribution bars are vital terms which are found in slab reinforcements. In this civil engineering article, you will come to know the variations among main bar and distribution bar in slab as well as where these bars should be arranged in R.C.C slab.

MAIN BARS IN SLAB:

1.  The main reinforcement should be arranged at the shorter extent of the slab, as in the shorter extent slab has to undergo High bending Moment that is called sagging or positive bending moment.

2. nbsp; Main reinforcement bars have to resist and bear all the tensile stresses, bending moment (Sagging), and superimposed load (Dead load) which are formed at the shorter extent of the slabs.

3.  Main reinforcement bars are arranged in one way slab in one side (At shorter extent), but in two way slab, the bars are arranged in both ways.

4.  In Flat plate slabs the main bars are arranged in one direction at bottom of the distribution bar (in shorter extent).

5.  Main bars in the slabs should not be under 8 mm while applying (H.Y.S.D) or 10 mm for plain bars.

DISTRIBUTION BARS IN SLAB:

1.   Distribution reinforcement bar should be arranged at the longest side extent of the slab.

2.  Distribution bar are specifically created to allocate the super imposed load consistently or resist the Shrinkage stresses which are formed because of fluctuation of temperature in winter or summer.

3.   In Flat plate slab the, the distribution bars are arranged in one direction at top of main bar (in longest extent).

4.   The distribution bars should not be under 8 mm in a diameter or not in excess of 1/8 of the thickness of the R.C.C slabs.

5.   The distribution bars are arranged to retain the mesh in exact location and keep the center to center c/c, bars spacing among main bars.

VARIATION AMONG BETWEEN MAIN BARS AND DISTRIBUTION BARS:

1.  The Main bars are generally arranged at the bottom of distribution bar in slabs whereas distribution bars are arranged on the top of the main bar.

2.  The Main bars are arranged in the shorter extent of the slabs whereas distribution bars are arranged in the longer extent of the slabs.

3.  The main reinforcement is arranged to resist the bending moment, tensile stresses and superimposed load whereas distribution bars are utilized to allocate the load uniformly as well as withstand the shrinkage stress (Temperature discrepancy) or retain the mesh in exact location.

4.  Main bars in the slab should not be under 8 mm when (HYSD) or 10 mm bars are used. But, when, plain bars and the distribution bars are used, it should not be under 8 mm diameter and the bar should not be in excess of 1/8 of the thickness of the slab.

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Smart Concrete – The newest upcoming technology to detects cracks in concrete earlier

The concrete is extensively used as a composite material for several types of structures but the concrete lacks the strength to resist tension and as a result it can be cracked easily. Therefore, the concrete should be examined thoroughly for cracks and proper and timely repairs should be undertaken so that the quality of the concrete is not deteriorated.

In this way, the safety and stability of different structures are maintained. Another process for determining cracks is to attach sensors to the structure but the installation charge is costly.

Smart concrete technology is the newest concept for examining the health of reinforced concrete structures. The type of concrete is reinforced with carbon fiber comprising of 0.2% to 0.5% of the volume. It can determine the pressure on the concrete structure well in advance. Smart concrete technology has witnessed broad laboratory testing, but has not launched yet.

It becomes functional with the addition of a small amount of short carbon fiber to the concrete with a traditional concrete mixer to change the electrical resistance of the concrete with regards to tension or pressure.

Accordingly, contact among the fiber and the cement matrix is impacted while the concrete is deformed or depressed, thus affecting the electrical resistivity of the concrete volume. Tension is then exposed by calculating the level of electrical resistance.

Smart concrete has the ability to recognize very small structural weaknesses before it gets significant and therefore becomes applicable in checking the internal conditions of the structure, especially after an earthquake.

Besides, identifying small cracks, smart concrete also allows stopping the development of cracks in traditional concrete and reinforce it to make it stronger. Besides, it takes a lot of strength to bend smart concrete, and consume more energy before breaking.

Smart concrete can also be applied in the construction of highways since they can easily find out the weight of the vehicle. Roads constructed with smart concrete can detect the position, weight, and speed of the vehicle.



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Some vital steps for concrete post-pour inspection

This civil engineering article sheds light on the required steps for post-concrete inspection as soon as decluttering of any concrete structure is completed.

The activities prior to arrange concrete comprise of utilization and maintenance of curing compound or other techniques of curing, form removal, concrete repair and preservation of concrete cubes. The subcontractor will inform QA/QC that curing is retained by the submittal of curing records.

Some vital Inspection points:

Given below, the details about major key inspection items to be examined and/or checked in the context of concrete post placement activities:

• Ensure that the necessary method of curing is prepared.
• Ensure that the placement is examined constantly to assure uninterrupted curing (watch for dry spots).
• Ensure that curing is retained for a prolonged time if necessary.
• Ensure that proper protection against bad weather is taken when necessary (hot or cold weather) as indicated in specifications.
• Ensure that concrete forms are departed in exact position for prolonged time to assure that form removal will keep concrete undamaged or workers (take precautions concerning the forms supporting the weight of the concrete to make sure the concrete has attained adequate strength to sustain its own weight)
• When repair of concrete is essential, check that it is repaired compliant with specifications (on the basis of the intensity of the repair, verify if a nonconformance report is necessary)
• Ensure that concrete cylinders are preserved on site in conformity with BS codes and job site requirements
• Ensure that concrete cylinders are transported to the testing laboratory and consequently tested compliant with BS and job site requirements Documentation

The Concrete Pour Card (Attached at the end) and Concrete Test Report as well as all supporting documents associated with the concrete pour should be arranged in the master file for the specific concrete pour. These files should be retained during the construction process and prepared in compliance with the methods of Control of Quality Records. There should be a proper labeling system for the project that sustains traceability among the concrete test report and the Concrete Pour Card.



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Types of Estimate found on various stages of a Project

Estimate is a raw calculation on quantities of various works and their expenses which are made by the experts of the proper field before a project gets complete. Accuracy of an estimate depends on the experience, ability and judgment power of the estimator.

An estimator has to be very careful about the quantity takeoff using the given data such as drawings, specifications and other documents about the project. Besides all of this, every estimate must be prepared with the consideration of other two factors which influence a project namely Direct & Indirect Cost. Direct Cost includes cost of materials, equipment, labor and subcontracted cost; while the Indirect cost includes overheads and contingency.

Types of estimate: There are seven types of estimates which are described below:

1. Approximate estimate: It is also known as budget, preliminary estimate which is prepared in the first stage of a project; this estimation is made to give a clear idea to the client about the amount of cost needed for the project and to get the acceptance from necessary approving bodies or banks to get the loan. So mainly the approximate estimate is calculated with relevant previous experience and the documents like project drawing plans, details about land, electricity & water supply and a full detailed report are necessary to make the estimate. So, Approximate estimate = rate of 1m2

2. Plinth Area estimate: This can be calculated by multiplying the values of length, width and area of plinth. The plinth area is considered as additional plinth area of the building at floor level which can also be known as the roof covered area of a building. The plinth area rate is originated by dividing the total cost of an early constructed building by plinth area of the earlier constructed building.

3. Cubic content estimate: It is done by multiplying the volume of the building by the unit cubic rate got form the earlier estimate.

4. Annual repair estimate and special repair estimate: These kinds of estimates are calculated for managing the constructed element in good condition. Special repair estimate is made in situations where the costs of materials increased when compare to annual repair estimate cost.

5. Revised estimate: This is made when the rate of earlier submitted estimate rises by 5% or more than that. There can be many reasons for the preparation of estimate as per the increase cost of materials while the reason and comparative statement between two estimates can be joined with the revised estimate.

6. Supplementary estimate: It is made when there is an important situation of supplementary work to progress out the original work.

7. Detailed estimate: This type of estimate is made with the help of complete set of contract data and the making of detailed estimate can do under two phrases like work out with quantities of different works and calculate the cost of each work. A detailed estimate must have some documents like report, specifications, drawings/plans, design charts and schedule of rates. Besides these there are many other factors that are needed to consider well in the time of planning the detailed estimate.

Article Source: www.basiccivilengineering.com



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Different types of thumb rules for determining the total construction cost of the building

This construction video tutorial is very useful for site engineer. In this video, one can learn how to determine the construction cost of the entire building as well as the required quantities of materials on the basis of thumb rules.

Given below the quantity and rates of materials per square feet :-

* Steel = 3 to 5 kg 
* Cement = 0.5 bags 
* RMC or ready mix concrete = 0.05 m3 
* Block = 12.5 Nos/m2 
* Electrical cost = Rs. 133 
* Plumbing cost = Rs. 126 
* Fire fighting cost = Rs. 40 
* External development = Rs. 94.5 
* Civil work structure = Rs. 751.25 
* Finishing work = Rs. 467.50

Suppose, the length of the plot is given as 20 feet

The breadth of the plot is given as 30 feet

So, the size of the plot = Length x Breadth = 20 x 30 = 600 square feet

The requirement of steel (5 kg/sq.ft) = 5 x 600 = 3000 kg = 3 Tonne

It includes 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm and 16 mm dia steel. The rate of 8 mm is Rs. 45/kg, 10 mm is Rs. 44/kg, 12 mm is Rs. 48/kg etc.

So, the quantity of steel = rate x steel kg

The requirement of cement (0.5 bag/sq.ft) = 0.5 x 600 = 300 bags. The cost of 1 bag is Rs. 200 (approx).

The total cost of cement = 300 x 200 = Rs. 600

The requirement of RMC alias ready mix concrete (0.05 m3/sq.ft) = 0.05 x 600 = 30 m3 cement

The cost of electricity (Rs. 133/sq.ft) = 133 x 600 = Rs. 79,800

The cost of plumbing (Rs. 126/sq.ft) = 126 x 600 = Rs. 75,600

The cost of fire alarm (Rs. 40/sq.ft) = 40 x 600 = Rs. 24,000

The construction cost with labor (Rs. 751/sq.ft) = 751 x 600 = Rs. 4,50,600

The cost of finishing work (Rs. 467/sq.ft) = 467 x 600 = Rs. 2,80,200

In finishing work interior part, exterior part and paintings are included.

To gather knowledge on other types of thumb rules, go through the following video tutorial.

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Rajib Dey

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Variations among Wet, Moist, and Damp Subgrade

Subgrade is taken as the most vital element of the pavement structure as it functions as a foundation for other pavement elements which are developed upon it and resist detrimental influences of weather and various traffic loads.

The performance of subgrades is significantly impacted with unstable water content. Hence, it is essential to examine the behaviour of subgrade under several conditions. Under this condition, wet, moist, and damp subgrade are identified on the basis of the water quantity in the subgrade components.

The concerned engineers should have clear conceptions on the variations among wet, moist, and damp condition and how the strength of pavement structure is influenced by them. The bearing strength, shrinkage, and swelling of subgrade are mostly affected by the moisture content. Given below, the detail information about the variations among wet, moist, and damp subgrade.

Wet Subgrade

1. As per ACI 116R-90, wet condition happens when the material comprises of apparent free moisture.
2. It is the indication of maximum level of moisture.
3. Wet subgrade is majorly damaged under loads.
4. Wet subgrade tolerates severe swelling and shrinkage and due to this pavement deforms and cracks.
5. Wet subgrade is not recommended for pavement construction. Therefore, so it should be upgraded with proper method.
6. When the roads are built up on such subgrade devoid of correct advancement, then future maintenance work is necessary.

Moist subgrade

1. As per ACI 116R-90, if the material is mildly coated with moisture, the moist condition occurs.
2. There is mild moisture among wet and dump.
3. Bearing strength performance is superior as compared to wet subgrade but lower than damp subgrade.
4. Swelling and shrinkage of moist subgrade and flaws of pavement above occurs to some extent among damp and wet subgrade.
5. It is suitable for pavement construction but a slight advancement is required.
6. Less costly improvement is applied to get rid of future maintenance.

Damp subgrade

1. As per ACI 116R-90, damp condition happens if the material is marginally dump but not gets dry to the touch Specifies lowest level of moisture.
2. Damp subgrade functions well with regard to load bearing strength as compared to wet and moist subgrade.
3. It is not affected with swelling and shrinkage significantly, and therefore the damage is not adequate to the pavement.
4. It is ideal for pavement construction.
5. It does not need any improvement and future maintenance is inexpensive.

To get more detail, go through the following link theconstructor.org

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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Definition and benefits of column starter

This construction video tutorial provides detail information on column starter. You will learn the process for casting of starter as well as advantages of column starter.

Starter is generally a casting of concrete material with equivalent width and length of column section and comparatively smaller height of around 10 cm. It is cast in such a manner that equal cover is left encircling the reinforcement bars of column and then shuttering of column is provided. The main purpose of starter is to fine-tune the form work of a column vertically to maintain sufficient gap among column reinforcement and shuttering.

To retain the exact position of the columns in the below slab as well as retain the column lines in number of floors easily, starter is marked.

Given below, the major benefits of a starter :

a. It is easier to set up & check the center line of the starter as compared to that of the column.
b. With the existence of the starter is exact place, fixing the column becomes stronger. Sometimes, the column form work turns out to be skew. With starter, this issue is reduced completely.
d. Once the shuttering for column is completed, bracing or supports are settled ,the verticality is examined on two sides (adjacent faces ) with a plumb bob and alignment is examined through a cotton or nylon thread.
e. The column is casted as soon as all checks are finished with the certified concrete mix.
f. The column shuttering is eliminated next day and the curing should be started. Based on the climate (temperature and humidity ), the curing is performed either by spraying water at intermediate intermissions or covering column by hessian clothe to keep it wet.

To get more clear ideas, go through the following video tutorial.



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Methods to save sun shade for life long

Sun is the source of our energy; in the construction energy this sun plays a vital role as it helps to dry the site, helps to get the moisture far away from the materials etc.

But it is also true that shade is important in construction process as it plays as a protection shield for rest of the things like doors, window and inner sides of building form the scorching hot sun light and rain water. So if the sun shade is not placed and finished successfully, many problem will come one after another; major failure will be seen in the buildings also.

A sunshade is basically a metal shutter which is installed horizontally over a window and/or vertically in front of a window to stop the insertion of solar heat or glare while allowing daylight views.

Originally metal sunshades were known as “eyebrows” and simply added an extra dimension to a relatively flat surface. They were known as more of a building’s aesthetic feature than a functional one and also one of the first things to execute of the building to decrease owner’s cost.

This article is strongly dedicated to know about the right method of placing and finishing a sun shade through some easy steps.

Placing a Sunshade concrete in perfect way:

• Reinforcement placing and leaving correct clear covers are the two most important factors in sun shade. 
• In Sunshade, Main rod should be on top of the concrete to make the balance of the negative bending movement.
• The development length of sun shade should be followed and inserted to lintel beam as without development length of a rod for sunshade may lead to failure.

Finishing a Sunshade concrete in perfect way: A sunshade must be finished with water proofing where Flat tile should be on top and projected for half inch around three sides. Sunshade ceiling should have a water blocking border on its edge; at joint of the wall and sunshade the flat tile would be inserted to plastering to prevent the water.

To get details, go through the following link youtoobuild.blogspot.com



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Detail about 3D reinforcement in civil structure drawing

In this useful construction video tutorial, you will get the details of 3D reinforcement in civil structural drawing.

In this regard, you should have clear ideas on the followings :-

Stirrups 8Ø@150 C/C – It means the stirrups or rings should contain 8mm diameter. The distance among two rings in a column should be 150 mm center to center.

Bottom - 12Ø@150 C/C B/w (both way) – It is applicable in footing. The steel bars are placed horizontally and vertically in the footing. The distance among the two bars is 150 mm in both ways i.e. x axis and y axis.

3D reinforcement is provided in footing or foundation. It has the dimension like 12Ø@300 C/C three dimensional R/F.

Suppose the length, breadth and height of a foundation are 2m, 3m and 2m. Initially, the steel bars should be placed vertically at the spacing of 300 mm with 12mm diameter. It means the spacing should be maintained as 300 mm to both x and y axis horizontally & vertically for settling reinforcement. 3D dimensional reinforced is used to make foundation strong to bear heady load.

To get more clear ideas, go through the following video tutorial.

Video Source: Tutorials Tips

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Some useful tips to reduce the cost of your home

In recent times, the construction cost of a home is significantly increased due to rise in the land costs, construction & material costs as well as labor charges.

Given below, some useful tips to reduce the cost of home construction :-

The construction cost of a home is segregated into following five categories :-

1. Land Cost: Cost of owning a land parcel for House construction 2. Design Costs: It comprises of architectural, structural and MEP design of the building 3. Laisoning Costs: It involves fees for government approvals like government land survey, plan approval etc. 4. Material Procurement Costs: It contains buying various types of materials like cement, steel, sand, aggregate, bricks, blocks, tiles and other finishing materials 5. Labour Costs: It comprises of the manpower costs for construction of RCC structure, brick work, plastering, other finishing works and exterior expansion (Like compound wall, hardscaping and landscaping)

Saving In Land Cost: Select the proper plot for construction: The level of the plot is a crucial factor throughout construction. If the level of the plot is much lower as compared to the road level on the front, then the greater quantity of filling material will be needed and entire construction cost will be raised. Therefore, opt for a land parcel that is neither extremely high or low with regards to the level of the road.

Check development regulations: Survey area that has the feasibility to construction building in near future. It is presently accessible at low cost. Verify FSI of the area; more FSI signifies less total cost of owning a home. If FSI is less, then it is required to purchase more land to develop same area of construction.

As for instance: If you make plan to purchase a 1000 sqft plot area and searching at 2 localities. You local municipality or DC (Development Control) provides FSI for each area on the basis of several factors. Therefore, if a plot contains 2 FSI, it is possible to build up a 2000 sqft building whereas in a plot with 1.5 FSI, 1500 sqft are can be built up.

It should also be remembered FSI regulations will be altered in due course, so you have to select the exact plot as per your present and future requirements.

Saving In Construction Material Procurement:

Cement: It is recommended to purchase local/regional branded cement. Use only local branded cements like Chettinad cement, Penna cement, Maha cement etc. since they have standard quality and are available at better prices.

The proper grade of cement should be utilized to make best use of the cement consumption. OPC cement is normally slightly costlier with reference to PPC cement. OPC cement is best suited for RCC structural work (like foundations, columns, roof and beams) and PPC cement is suggested for non-structural works (Like Plastering, Tiling etc.,). It will save significant costs as well as improves the quality of construction by lessening of cracks (because of less heat of hydration).

To make best use of the cement consumption in structural concrete, the fly ash can be mixed with caution (15 to 25% as part replacement to cement) with OPC 53 cement. It will reduce the costs but the longevity will be increased (as degree of permeability will be low).

Bricks And Blocks:

1. It is recommended to purchase local bricks which are easily accessible. As for instance the first class red clay brick and fly-ash brick in your locality. Select a brick with low cost. Both fly ash bricks and red clay bricks have good strength.

2. In case of building up a structure containing over 3 floors, then AAC blocks should be used in place of bricks. Although AAC blocks alias concrete blocks are more expensive as compared to the bricks, but their weight is light. It will reduce the steel consumption per unit constructed, since dead load is decreased to one-third. Since AAC blocks contain low thermal conductivity, they can allow you to save electricity costs for cooling your rooms.

Plastering: Opt for Neeru (lime) Finish for internal plastering.

Doors And Windows:

3. Refrain from using wooden door frames. Rather use RCC door frames which will save up to 30% of the cost for Door framing.
4. Opt for PVC doors for Bathrooms and other wet areas like dry balcony etc.,
5. Opt for laminated flush door or block board for door opening except for the main door. It will reduce the cost of door work by 25%.
Flooring: 6. Utilize cement mosaic tiles to decrease the cost of flooring works. Choose size that leads to less wastages.
7. Opt for locally accessible granite for Kitchen platform and stair case steps. Utilize cut/waste piece of tiles in steps riser.

Grill And Railings: Utilize painted MS section for staircase railing and grills

Electrical Material: Use local make switches and sockets but always select for branded wires for House wiring.

Light Fitting: Choose light fittings which are inexpensive initially but also save up on the electricity charges and maintenance costs in the future.

Avoid False Ceiling: Though false ceiling performs as good insulation but is very costly. Select for a simple POP finish to the roof.

Paints: Utilize Semi-acrylic paint for internal and external walls which can save upon the cost.

Plumbing CP Fixtures & Sanitary: The cost of sanitary and CP fixtures differ based on the type and quality of products which are utilized in the building and its cost reduction depends on the individual preference. Select economical local/regional brands. Plumbing and Sanitary fixture will be easily substituted anytime devoid of demolishing in future. So, these can be substituted later with your selected fixtures and cost will be reduced.

To get more details go through www.happho.com




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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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RCC Column Design – An exclusive mobile based app for civil and structural engineers

RCC Column Design is an exclusive app for civil and structural engineers. This app is available in google play store. It can only work in windows platform.

The app is very user-friendly. There are several fields in the app which range from Factored Axial Load (kN), Length (mm), Width (mm), Concrete Strength (M15, M20 and M25), Steel Strength (HYSD 415, HYSD 500).

Just enter the values in these fields and click on calculate button to get the desired values.

This app is designed on the basis of the Limit State Method with adherence to Indian standard code IS 456:2000. This app takes into account the axial load on a column to recommend a secure design depending on input of column size, concrete strength and steel strength. The app is also very useful for Uniaxial and biaxial bendings.

This app can design a rectangular slender RCC column that contains standard height. It works out necessary reinforcement for a specified axial load for the assumed inputs.

This app is developed for educational purposes only. The answers should be double checked manually.

To download the app, click on the following link play.google.com

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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Estimating Integration

How estimation done: Costs are generally estimated with the help of some methods that are found in Time Management idea such as one-point estimating, analogous estimating, parametric estimating and three-point or PERT estimating; besides all of this there is a different kind of estimation named method of estimation.

Bottom-up estimation is involved in the final distribution time of a project where it adds estimation of costs at each activity or work package, turning it up into control units and then finally works on whole project estimate. So the estimated created by following steps:

• Project management software: There is various kind of software that increases calculation speed needed to estimate costs and the calculations included direct, indirect, overhead and fixed cost calculations for many activities.
• Deciding resource cost rates: resources can be various kinds like human resources, vendors, consultants, suppliers, external technicians etc. and the project managers are aware about the involved rate for the resource cost.
• Reserve analysis: It gathers identification of activities with significant risks and resolution of all efforts needs to manage the occurred risks.
• Cost of quality: The quality efforts are divided as Cost of Quality.

In the time working with integration, often it is asked about estimation of interfaces that follows below kind of scenarios:

• In the New implementation of Sap, the project manager has to execute lots of interfaces to join with the previous systems
• In the B2B integration, a lot of new pattern and messages will come
• Movement from one integration broker to another.

When any of the scenarios will come interfaces are estimated by following the steps and the development is shown there:

1. Identification
2. System interactions with supported adapters
3. Specification
4. Development
5. Testing and fixing
6. Transport and configuration
7. Document
8. Going live
9. Support.

All of the steps take extra time that will expand the initial time. The 80/20 principle was invented a long ago that states that spend less time to do more work and if more time spends in the beginning of the estimation then the whole process might take longer time to end. To avoid this scenario, it is important to study about the process and understands it properly then starts the work and as there are more variations of the interfaces that look similar then it will be easy to arrange them as per order.

It must keep in mind that performing estimation is not an easy task as there will be many unknown details about development that can be seem unclear before started; so just go through them and make a detailed report.

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