Commonly used Indian Standard Codes (IS codes) for civil engineers

IS stands for Indian standard. Each country possesses their own code book identical to that India contains IS code book for RCC, steel structure. The IS codes includes numerous standards and methodology for construction, raw material used, structural analaysis and other provisions.

It comprises of some data based on which a civil engineer design the structure. It contains some pre defined formulae and data.

Civil engineers who perform construction activities of big projects generally should be well versed with a wide array of IS codes since such projects require different types of construction materials in several structures like buildings, roads, steel structures, all sorts of foundations etc.

Given below, detailed lists of some IS codes which are extensively used by construction engineers.

IS 456:2000: Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice (Download link bit.ly)

IS 383:1970: Specifications for fine & coarse aggregate from natural sources for concrete (Download link drive.google.com)

IS 2386 (Part I) 1963: Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Part I: Particle Size and Shape (Download link drive.google.com)

IS 2386 (Part II) 1963: Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, Part II: Estimation of deleterious materials and organic impurities (Download link drive.google.com)

IS 2386 (Part III) 1963: Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, Part 3: Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking (Download link drive.google.com)

IS 2386 (Part IV) 1963: Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, Part 4: Mechanical properties (Download link drive.google.com)

IS 2386 (Part V) 1963: Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Part V: Soundness (Download link drive.google.com)

IS 2386 (Part VI) 1963: Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, Part 6: Measuring mortar making properties of fine aggregates (Download link drive.google.com)

IS 2386 (Part VII) 1963: Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Part VII: Alkali Aggregate Reactivity (Download link drive.google.com

IS 2386 (Part VIII) 1963: Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Part VIII: Petrographic Examination (Download link drive.google.com)

IS 2430-1986: Methods for Sampling of Aggregates for Concrete (Download link drive.google.com)

IS 4082-1996: Recommendations on stacking and storage of construction materials and components at site (Download link drive.google.com/)

IS 2116-1980: Sand for masonry mortars – Specifications (Download link drive.google.com)

IS 269-1989: Specification for Ordinary Portland Cement, 33 Grade (Download link drive.google.com)

IS 8112-2013: Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland cement (Download link drive.google.com)

IS 12269-1987: Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement (BI-LINGUAL) (Download link drive.google.com)

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Joint Detailing of Steel Hollow Sections

Likewise detailing of main structural members, detailing of joints in steel structure is also very vital. Joints mainly bear the loads which are transmitted from structures to various structural members. Therefore, the detailing work of joints in steel structure should be performed efficiently to make the structure secure for the specified loads.

Given below, the detailed information concerning the types of joints generally applied for structural steel hollow sections. There are different types of hollow sections which range from Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS) and Square Hollow Sections (SHS) and Circular Hollow Sections (CHS).

Given below, the joint details for structural steel hollow sections (RHS and SHS) which are generally applied:

1. K – Type Joints: K – Type joints in steel structures develop as soon as the centroidal axis of horizontal member and two lateral bracings touch with the central axis of top chord.

Make sure that the ends of hollow sections should be closed. If any ends of a hollow section does not come nearer because of more width, then a plate is welded on that end so that the ends come to the nearer as well as the connection with other members remain effective with the sealing of the members. It resists inner corrosion of the hollow sections.

K-type of joints in structural steel members is easiest and most cost effective.

2. Knee – Type Joint: Knee-type joint is ideal for enhancing the strength of connection among vertical and horizontal members of structure.

In welded knee-joint, the chord situated at top is directly welded to the primary column and then an appropriately cut haunch is welded to the vertical and the chord member for making stiffening superior.

3. N – Type Joint: By following the implemented configuration, N-type joint is developed for relating web members to top and bottom chords.

To get more information, go through the following link theconstructor.org

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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Concept of Stress and Strain Curve/Diagram

This construction video tutorial will introduce you to the stress and strain curve/diagram for steel structures.

Definition of stress
When an applied force creates alteration in the dimension of the material, then the material is supposed to be in the state of stress. The stress can be detected by dividing the applied force (F) by the cross sectional area (A).

Definition of strain

When the dimension is altered in regard to the original dimension because of stress, it is called as strain. It is described with the symbol epsilon.
ε = x/ L
For a shear force, strain is stated with γ (gamma)

Stress strain curve belongs to a behavior of material when it has to withstand load. If a ductile material like mild steel has to pass through the tensile test, then it moves through different phases prior to fracture.

These phases are given below :-
1. Proportional Limit
2. Elastic Limit
3. Yield Point
4. Ultimate Stress Point
5. Breaking Point

The stress-strain diagram varies in form for different materials.

To acquire stress-strain diagrams, a graph or curve is drawn from the data that has been found in a tensile test. The modifications occurred in length can be detected and recorded through various strain measuring devices.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Why Steel Roof Truss Is Better Than Timber Truss?

A truss is formed with an assembly of inflexible & elastic members which are connected as the triangles to perform like a beam. The tensile stress of mild steel is secure for working and it is approx. 20 times as compared to structural timber. Therefore, steel trusses are considered as cost-effective, particularly for largest extents. The angles are treated as the most vital elements for steel roof truss among different shapes of steel sections due to their capability to withstand both compressive and tensile stresses in an effective manner. The supplementary angles are created inexpensively as well as connected without any difficulty.

Benefits of steel roof truss as compared to timber truss are presented below:

1. Steel trusses last long as compared to timber trusses.

2. Steel sections that develop the truss are lightweight and are constructed in any preferred pattern to match the requirement of any architectural work.

3. As it is made with steel, the material is not damaged by white ants or other insects.

4. Steel trusses contain strong fire-resisting capacity as compared to timber trusses.

5. As there are no span limitations with steel trusses, they can be utilized for industrial buildings and various other structures where large areas can be covered devoid of any obstructions which may occur to columns etc.

6. The sections which develop a steel truss can be smoothly transported.

7. The sections are acquired in any preferred form or length to match the requirements and less wastage of the material occurs in cutting etc.

8. Due to their trouble-free erection methods, the advancement of roofing work with steel trusses can be done rapidly.

Article Source : www.dailycivil.com

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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A Useful Demonstration On Reinforcing Detailing Of R.C.C Members

A design engineer should take liabilities for ensuring the structural security of the design, details, checking shop drawing.

Detailing is also a vital part of any construction as perfect detailing of engineering designs is required in the planning and engineering phase for proper accomplishment as well as safety of the structures. Defective connections or detailing may lead to collapsing.

Detailing plays an important role for the steel structures as well as for the RCC members as it remains the translation of all the mathematical expression’s and equation’s results.

For commonly used RCC members, the detailing can be segregated for Slabs-with or without openings.(Rectangular,circular,non-rectangular-pyramid slab,triangular etc) balcony slab, loft slab, corner slab etc

Beams – With or without openigs.(Shallow & deep beams)

Columns – (Rectangular,l-shape,t-shape, circular,octagonal,cross shape etc)

Foundations.

Detailing for gravity loads differs with the lateral loads particularly for the SEISMIC FORCES.

A different types of detailing is essential for the Rehabilitation and strengthening of damaged structures.

For perfect DETAILING, the following processes are necessary:-

DO’S-GENERAL

Make drawings perfectly and label each bar & show its shape for accuracy

Cross section of retaining wall is collapsed instantaneously due to placing of soil backfill that contains ¼” dia instead of 1-1/4” dia. The error may happen as proper rebar dia was covered with a dimension line.

• If required, generate bar-bending schedule.
• Specify perfect cover-clear cover, nominal cover or effective cover to reinforcement.
• Select detailed location of opening/hole and provide sufficient details for reinforcements just about the openings.
• Apply the bars and spirals which are generally available. For a single structural member, the number of various sizes of the bars should be lowest.
• There should be clear information in the drawing for the grade of the steel.
• Deformed bars should contain at their ends.
• Show distended details at corners, intersections of walls, beams and column joint and at parallel situations.
• Blockage of bars should be avoided at points where members intersect and make certain that all rein. Can be properly placed.
• In the case of bundled bars, lapped splice of bundled bars shall be made by splicing one bar at a time; such individual splices within the bundle shall be staggered.
• Make sure that hooked and bent up bars can be placed and have adequate concrete protection.
• Indicate all expansion, construction and contraction joints on plans and provide details for such joints.
• The placing of construction joints should remain at the point of minimum shear roughly at mid or near the mid points. It is developed vertically and not in a sloped manner.

To read the complete article, visit www.engineeringcivil.com

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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