Methods used for Curing of Concrete

Concrete needs to be cured. There are many different methods of curing. The selection of a specific method will rely on the idea of work and the climatic conditions. The accompanying methods of curing of concrete are commonly embraced.

1. Shading concrete work
2. Covering concrete surfaces with hessian or gunny sacks Sprinkling of water
3. Ponding method
4. Membrane curing
5. Steam curing

Shading concrete work

The object of shading concrete work is to keep the vanishing of water from the surface even before setting. This is embraced for the most part in the event of huge concrete surfaces, for example, street sections.

This is basic in dry climates to shield the concrete from heat, direct sun beams and wind. It likewise shields the surface from downpour. In chilly climate shading helps in protecting the warmth of hydration of concrete in this way forestalling freezing of concrete under mellow ice conditions. Shading might be accomplished by utilizing canvas extended on outlines. This method has a restricted application in particular.

Covering concrete surfaces with hessian or gunny sacks

This is a broadly utilized method of curing, especially for basic concrete. In this way the uncovered surface of concrete is kept from drying out by covering it with hessian, canvas or void concrete packs. The covering over vertical and inclined surfaces ought to be made sure about appropriately. These are intermittently wetted.

The time period will rely on the pace of dissipation of water. It ought to be guaranteed that the surface of concrete isn't permitted to dry in any event, for a brief timeframe during the curing time frame. Uncommon game plans for keeping the surface wet must be made at evenings and on vacations.



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www.constructioncost.co
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Methods of Repairing Cracks in Concrete

It is generally determined that concrete structures face cracking hassle in the course of its lifestyles. This crack ought to be given extreme and careful attention and repair on proper time. Repairing cracked concrete involves quite a few time and value constraints.

There are several techniques of concrete crack restore. Choosing the ideal technique of concrete crack repair will let you save a whole lot of time, cash and power and might deliver long-lasting results. It is vital to understand the kind and nature of cracks that have appeared inside the construction to have the ability to pick out the most suitable and price-effective technique of restore. It is also vital to recognize the cause of cracks so that it is able to be corrected to preserve the cracks from recurring.

The following are the methods of repairing cracks in concrete:

Epoxy Injections: Epoxy injection technique of concrete crack repair can be used to bond the cracks having greater than or same to 0.05mm opening. This technique is not appropriate for crack is energetic and if the cracks are large in number, or whilst the water leakage can't be controlled.

In this approach, the cracks on uncovered concrete surfaces are sealed through injecting epoxy under the concrete crack. But, it's essential to find and connect the major motive of cracks before injecting the epoxy into the cracks otherwise the cracks will keep on emerging once more and again.

Problems which include leakages and silt contamination harm the efficiency of epoxy, therefore it is recommended to fix these problems earlier than injecting the epoxy to make it remaining longer. The Epoxy injection approach of crack repair requires quite a few discipline and skillful execution so that you need to make sure that the person executing the repairs knows his work.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to resolve incorrect myth about column construction

The super structure can be developed in different methods. The walls of houses for two to three storied structures can be constructed with bricks containing the slabs, lintels, chajja etc. in reinforced concrete in the regions where superior quality bricks are obtainable.

Such construction is known as load bearing construction due to the whole load generating from the slabs, beams, walls etc is delivered to the foundation via the brick walls.

In the regions where natural disasters like earthquake or high speed storms occur frequently, such load bearing wall construction is unsafe for resisting horizontal drifts if not retrofitted. This type of construction is appropriate upto G+2 storied building on the whole.

The demand for RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) framed construction will be increased to cope up with the requirement of developing high storied building with natural hazards.

Generally, RCC framed construction comprises of a series of columns which are arranged properly in the house and interconnected with beams to build a frame. These columns deliver the building load to soil located below via RCC footings.

The frame, starting from the foundation, has to be designed by A structural engineer will design the frame that start from the foundation as well as settle on the mix of concrete to be applied, the sizes of columns and beams, the reinforcement to be arranged therein, on the basis of the loads to be retained by the structure.

Definition of Column: Column stands for a vertical compression member that transfers the load of the structure to foundations. They are reinforced with the use of main longitudinal (vertical) bars to withstand compression and/or bending; and transverse steel (closed ties) to withstand shearing force.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Methods of Repairing Cracks in Concrete

It is generally determined that concrete structures face cracking hassle in the course of its lifestyles. This crack ought to be given extreme and careful attention and repair on proper time. Repairing cracked concrete involves quite a few time and value constraints.

There are several techniques of concrete crack restore. Choosing the ideal technique of concrete crack repair will let you save a whole lot of time, cash and power and might deliver long-lasting results. It is vital to understand the kind and nature of cracks that have appeared inside the construction to have the ability to pick out the most suitable and price-effective technique of restore. It is also vital to recognize the cause of cracks so that it is able to be corrected to preserve the cracks from recurring.

The following are the methods of repairing cracks in concrete:

Epoxy Injections: Epoxy injection technique of concrete crack repair can be used to bond the cracks having greater than or same to 0.05mm opening. This technique is not appropriate for crack is energetic and if the cracks are large in number, or whilst the water leakage can't be controlled.

In this approach, the cracks on uncovered concrete surfaces are sealed through injecting epoxy under the concrete crack. But, it's essential to find and connect the major motive of cracks before injecting the epoxy into the cracks otherwise the cracks will keep on emerging once more and again.

Problems which include leakages and silt contamination harm the efficiency of epoxy, therefore it is recommended to fix these problems earlier than injecting the epoxy to make it remaining longer. The Epoxy injection approach of crack repair requires quite a few discipline and skillful execution so that you need to make sure that the person executing the repairs knows his work.

Epoxy resin loses power while exposed to fireplace or sustained elevated temperatures and fireproofing safety is required for such structural maintenance.


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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Some useful tips to design a T-beam with the use of limit state method

This construction video briefly describes how to create the design of t-beam with the use of limit state method.

A T-beam (or tee beam) is applied in construction extensively. It is a structural element developed with reinforced concrete, wood or metal. It contains a t-shaped cross section that is formed by a stem and a flange of reinforced concrete or rolled metal.

The top of the t-shaped cross section acts as a flange or compression member in withstanding compressive stresses. The web (vertical section) of the beam underneath the compression flange contributes to withstand shear stress and offer better separation for the coupled forces of bending.

A T-beam has the capacity to tolerate large loads by providing resistance in the beam or by internal reinforcements. It operates similar to singly reinforced beam.

In order to enhance the structural strength of a T-beam, just utilize an inverted T-beam together with a floor slab or bridge deck linking the tops of the beams. If it is accomplished perfectly, the slab performs as the compression flange.

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Calculation Method of Concrete Quantity for a Staircase

In order to work out the quantity of a staircase, it is required to determine the concrete volume for the followings :-

• Steps and waist slab of 1st flight
• Steps and waist slab of 2nd flight, and
• Landing

Concrete volume for 1st flight of the staircase: The calculation is done based on the following dimensions :-

Riser = 6 inches
Tread = 10 inches
Length of a step = 4 feet
Number of steps = 9
The thickness of the waist slab = 6 inches

Concrete volume for the waist slab: To get the concrete volume for the waist slab, the inclined length of the waist slab be measured first. Inclined length of waist slab can be measured from the architectural plan.

The horizontal length of a waist slab is determined by,
=number of steps x tread
= 9 x 10”
= 7′-6”

The height of the landing top from floor is,
= number of riser x height of riser
= 10 x 6″ [number of riser = number of steps = 1]
= 5 feet

Therefore, the inclined length of the waist slab should be as follow :-
=√{(horizontal length)2 + (Height)2}
= (7’-6”)2 + (5’)2
= 9’ (round up)

Therefore, the concrete volume for the waist slab should be calculated with the following formula :-
= inclined length of waist slab x width of waist slab (width of a step) x thickness of waist slab
= 9’ x 4’ x 6”
= 18 cubic feet

Concrete volume for steps: Since steps come as triangular shape, so the volume of a step should be as follow :-
= ½ x tread x riser x length of a step
= ½ x 10” x 6” x 4
= 0.84 cubic feet

As there are 9 numbers of steps in a flight, therefore, the concrete volume for the steps of the first flight should be as follow :-
= 9 x 0.84
= 7.56 cubic feet

Therefore, the entire concrete volume for the 1st flight of the staircase should be computed as follow :-
= Waist slab concrete + steps concrete
= 18 + 7.56
= 25.56 cubic feet

Concrete volume for 2nd flight of the staircase: In case the 1st flight and 2nd flight are equivalent in drawing, the concrete volume will be similar. That is,
= 25.56 cubic feet

Concrete volume for the stair landing: The calculation is done on the basis of the following dimension :-
Length of landing = 8’-6”
Width of landing = 4’-6”
The thickness of landing = 6”

Therefore, the concrete volume for the landing will be as follow :-
= 8’-6” x 4’-6” x 6”
= 19.12 cubic feet

Therefore, the total concrete volume for the staircase should be as follow :-
= 1st flight concrete + 2nd flight concrete + landing concrete
= 25.56 + 25.56 + 19.12
= 70.24 cubic feet

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Causes of dampness and preventive measures

When the materials consume water, dampness in any building happens. Dampness is harmful for the residents of the building.

Damp Proof Course(DPC): The purpose of a course is to resist the penetration of the damp into the building and it is called as damp proof course(DPC). DPC should be provided when the construction of the building is started.

Reasons for Dampness: The dampness happens for the following reasons -

1. Ground Water Table: When the groundwater table is high, it significantly impact the foundation since the building material utilized for foundation consumes the water from the ground through capillary action.

2. Rain: When there is no proper protection for the external walls, then rainwater may harm the building.

3. When the building is situated in such an area that the water can’t be easily discharged, dampness will occur.

4. There is also possibility for dampness due to bad workmanship in construction.

5. When the walls are constructed afresh, dampness may occur for a short period.

6. If the slope of a roof remains very flat, the rainwater may enter and water is temporarily stockpiled on the roof.

7. There should be proper damp proofing course on the uncovered tops of the parapet walls and compound walls so that the damp can’t penetrate through these exposed tops.

Impacts of Dampness - The dampness may provide the following harmful effects:

1. The plaster will be soothed and may crumble. 2. Electric fitting will be affected. 3. Distempers or paints will be damaged. 4. Unhygienic conditions will be created for dwellers. 5. Growth of termites. 6. Steel utilized in building construction will be eroded.

7. Unattractive patches will develop on the wall surface and ceiling. 8. The material utilized as floor covering will be damaged. 9. Due to continuous existence of moisture in the walls, efflorescence will occur and it results in detaching of stone, bricks, tiles etc.

Methods of Damp Proofing - To get rid of dampness, the following techniques should be applied:

1. Application of Damp Proof Course: Damp proof course stands for the layer of materials like bituminous, cement, stones etc.

They are arranged in the building at all suitable positions from where water may penetrate the building. Normally, it is arranged in the building at plinth level for walls, over the concrete bed for flooring.

2. Surface Treatment: Under this method, a thin film of water repellent material is arranged over the surface which fills the holes of the materials of the building which are uncovered to the moisture.

3. Integral Damp Proofing Treatment: Under this method, water repelled compounds are blended to the concrete or mortar throughout the mixing process of concrete. These compounds function as barriers and resist the entry of moisture to the building.

4. Cavity Wall or Hollow Wall: It comprises of cavity or air drains into the wall to resist the rising of moisture from the ground to the wall.

5. Pressure Grouting or Cementation: Under this method, holes are drilled at the various sections of the building at selected points. Then thin cement paste is plunged into the holes by pressure to make the structure water-resistant.

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Some useful methods to work out ideal column spacing for pallet racking

While placing warehouse pallet racking, it becomes difficult to adapt building columns. Although the layout drawing is adjusted properly but collapsing of columns in the middle of a drive aisle or in the racking itself can’t be avoided.

In this civil engineering article, you will be familiar with a perfect building column spacing to get rid of this complicated method and increase the number of storage locations inside a building.

Building Columns: These are vertical members which provide support to the facility ceiling. They are available with different types of sizes and designs.

Uprights: These are vertical supports in a pallet racking system. To develop a pallet racking structure, two upright frames are required on each side to support the horizontal beams.

Beams: They provide horizontal weight-bearing supports in a pallet racking system which attaches the upright frames to each other.

Flue Space: These are spaces among back to back rows of pallet racking. These back-to-back rows are attached with row spacers. 12” is the most recommended row spacer length to facilitate minor overhang of the pallets in the back as well as fire suppression if required inside the racks.

This flue space also facilitates the typical building columns (10” x 10”) to be hidden inside the racking devoid of losing any pallet storage locations.

Purpose of building columns: The architects and structural engineers place building columns by keeping 40 or 50 feet distance owing to standard steel mill member lengths. However, when the building is designed around the proposed use and equipment inside, these lengths can be adjusted to obtain the best use of the space investment.

To maximize your pallet rack layout, two things can be done to get rid of the building columns falling outside of the racking and inside fork truck drive aisles:

Place racking properly in order that the building columns land in the flue spaces of the pallet racking as well as inside the racking itself.

If possible, the pallet racking should be placed in order that the building columns fall inside flue spaces to get rid of losing storage locations. Given below the ideal building column spacing for a various single-deep pallet racking designs. Here, 12” x 12” building columns and 48” deep pallets (therefore no pallet overhang) are taken.

To determine the best building column spacing for your preferred rack layout, the following formula should be applied :-

[(Rack Depth x 2) Flue Aisle] x # Bays = Column Spacing

The process is complicated for placing and configuring pallet racking specifically when it is not possible to work with the general contractor to maximize the building column spacing inside your new building, or moving into an existing building.

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Quantity Take-off in Earthwork Volume Calculation

Quantity Take-off software is also used in calculating Earthwork Volume and this earthwork is done to restructure the topography of a site to get the design levels.

There are various types of methods of volume calculation that can be approved to find earthwork quantities; there are various civil engineering projects like road work, irrigation canal project, tank survey, earth moving, etc. for which different calculation methods are used. Some of them are invented in many time ago when the computer or calculator were not invented and still now are being used. Besides this, nowadays industry practices of various kinds of volume calculation which are discussed here to help the readers to choose the right one.

Earthworks: These are engineering works made through the moving and/or processing of huge quantities of soil and unshaped rock. Earthwork is done to restructure the topography of a site to get the design levels. Earthwork includes cutting and filling to get the needed topography.

• Cutting: It is the procedure of digging earth material from a work location or borrows pits to reach the desired topography.

It is the procedure of moving the excavated material or extra earth material to work a location to reach the desired topography.

Applications of Earthwork: Earthwork is done in the projects like Road works, Railways, Irrigation project such as canals and dams, other common earthwork applications are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site or to fix slopes. Method of Earthwork Calculation: There are four popular types of earthwork calculation which written below:

• Section method
• Average method
• Division by Square method
• Contour method

At first, an earthwork calculation survey needs to do on the site. During this survey, the site elevations of the existing at various points of the work site are stubborn. All the calculations are done depending upon these values.



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