Brief information on Project Cost System

If the design is modified at the design stage of a construction project, the project costs are constantly estimated and evaluated to keep the project costs within the budget of the owners. This working budget is normally known as the engineers or architects estimate. As soon as the design is completed, the field cost-control system is prepared with a final, detailed cost estimate of the total work.

This type of cost estimate is generally created by the construction contractor or another party who will be directly associated with the field operations. The contractor estimate is then abridged to a working construction budget and develop the foundation of the construction cost control system.

While the construction process is going on, cost accounting methods are utilized to recover actual construction expenses from current construction operations. This information is then applied for the purpose of controlling the cost on the current project and for working out the cost of future projects. Besides, the cost system offers significant information related to project financial control.

Preliminary Cost Estimates: Preliminary estimates of future construction expenses, are prepared throughout the project planning and design stages on the basis of approximation because these are accumulated prior to define the project entirely. This type of conceptual estimates differs from ascertaining the final detailed estimate of construction costs.

Basically, all conceptual price estimates are prepared on the basis of some system of gross unit costs which are acquired from earlier construction work. These unit costs are guessed forward in due course to focus on present market conditions, project location as well as the specific character of the job currently being considered. The following methods are followed to make preliminary estimates.

Cost per Function Estimate: This analysis is produced on the basis of the estimated expense per unit of use, like cost per patient, student, seat, or car space.

Construction expense may also be guessed like the average outlay per unit of a plants manufacturing or production capacity. These factors are normally applied as a method of instantly characterizing facilities costs at the setting up of a project when there is only raw marketing information, like the number of patients retained by a planned hospital. This extensive method of producing costs can also provide a powerful control on more detailed estimates as soon as they are created.

Index Number Estimate: This method is applicable for working out the price of a projected structure by upgrading the construction cost of the same type of current facility. It is performed by multiplying the original construction cost of the current structure with a national price index that is modified as per local conditions, like weather, labor expense, materials costs, transportation, and site location. A price index refers to the ratio of current construction cost to the original construction outlay for the type of structure concerned. Various types of price indexes are available in different trade publications.

Unit Area Cost Estimate: Under this type of method an approximate cost is selected with an estimated price for each unit of gross floor area. The method is found extensively in building and residential home construction. It offers a perfect rough calculation of costs for structures which are standardized or contain a large sampling of historical cost information from equivalent structures. This type of estimate is frequently applied in the industry to tally the relative value of different facilities.

To gather more information, go through the following construction article onlinecivilforum.com

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Detail lists of useful construction tools

Given below, the detailed lists of various useful construction tools and their applications :-

Hoe – It is effective for digging and arranging concrete, cement mortar in head pan. Hoe is also useful for excavating the soil but here the metal plate is set with acute angle to the wooden handle.

Head Pan – It is utilized to transmit materials. Head pan is built with iron to uprise the excavated soil or cement or concrete to the construction site etc. it is mostly found in construction sites.

Masonry trowel – The objective of this tool is to organize cement mortar. It refers to a hand trowel that is applied in brickwork or stonework for the purpose of leveling, dispersion and shaping mortar or concrete.

Measurement Tape – It is employed to examine the thickness, length, widths of masonry walls, foundation beds, excavated trenches etc.

Plumb Bob - It is applicable for verifying the vertical alignment of the structures. It comprises of a solid metal bob attached with the end of a thread. It can also be applied in surveying to level the instrument position.

Wheel Barrow – It is useful for carrying out cement mortar or any materials. Often, it is utilized to estimate the quantities of materials for site level concrete mixing.

Concrete Mixer – It is a machine that is used for blending the concrete perfectly with water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and cement at construction site.

Vibrator - It is utilized to vibrate the concrete when pouring is started. For the purpose of workability, water is added to concrete. To get rid of that, vibrators are applied.

Bump Cutter/Screed – The objective of this tool is to level fresh concrete surface particularly in slab concrete.

Wooden Float/wooden rendering float - This tool is useful for providing a flat finish to the plastered area.

Crow Bar - This tool is found in formwork to eliminate nails from boards. Crow bar is also applied for digging the ground and taking out the roots of trees in the ground, nails etc.

Framing Square - This tool is mostly found in Brickwork, Plastering to verify exact angle.

Line Level - This tool is required to verify horizontal level in brickwork, plastering , flooring and tile works.

Flat Pry Bar - This tool is found in shuttering and often utilized to modify the column formwork to align.

Digging bar - This tool is used to divide and unloose the compacted / hard surface area. Digging bar refers to a solid metal rod having pin shape at the bottom. It is also utilized to dig the hard surfaces of ground.

For more information, go through the following link www.civilology.com

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to create rate analysis of civil works

Each construction project is segregated into various numbers of activities. Each activity is supported with types of civil or construction works.

As for instance, when a building is constructed there are various activities like excavation or earthwork, concrete work, masonry work, wood work such as doors and windows, plumbing, flooring, waterproofing, finishing work like plastering, painting and distempering.

The Activity earthwork is segregated into different types depending on depth and type of soil. As for instance, an excavation of 1.5m deep in soft soil, an excavation of 3m deep in hard soil. Similarly, concrete work is segregated into several types on the basis of its mix proportions and its placement.

As for instance, M25 reinforced concrete is suitable in foundation, M30 reinforced concrete work in columns, slabs etc. Similarly, there are various small civil works in each construction project.

The construction project cost is estimated on the basis of each works related to each construction activity. Thus it is necessary to compute the cost of each small works.

Rate analysis of Civil Works or Building Works is the determination of cost of each construction work per unit quantity.

This cost includes the cost of materials, labors, machinery, contractors profit and other diverse insignificant expenses essential for the specific work that should be executed in unit quantity.

As for instance, cost of 1 cubic meter of M20 RCC work in slab, Cost of 1 cubic meter of excavation in soft soil of 1.5m depth, cost of 1 square meter of plastering of 20mm, cost of 1 square meter of painting work with specified paint in 2 layers or 3 layers as necessary.

Compute the cost of materials in rate analysis as composite of cost of material at origin, its transportation costs, taxes. The rate of labor is set with skill of the labor, like skilled labor, semi-skilled and unskilled labor. The cost of materials and labors differ from place to place. Thus, the cost of each construction work fluctuates from place to place.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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The uses of excavation supports or earth retaining structures

Excavation support or earth retaining structures are vital where deep excavation is created and arrangement of necessary slope is not possible. Given below, the details of different types of excavation supports.

What Are Excavation Supports?
Usually, to develop a structure either over the ground or underneath the ground, excavation of soil should be arranged in the ground.

The excavation may come in the form of shallow or deep on the basis of our need. But when the soil is dug deeply, there is a chance for collapsing of the soil from the sides of excavated area because of low strength.

To get rid of this issue and to create the cut vertically perfect, some temporary earth retaining structures known as excavation supports are essential.

The soil cut failure occurs if the limit of excavation surpasses its safe height limit and it is subjected to unconfined compressive strength of soil and cohesion.

From the table, given below, the safe height limit for various soil types are given on the basis of their unconfined compressive strength and cohesion limits.

Types of Excavation Supports: Usually, the following methods are mostly used for providing excavation supports-

• Soldier pile and lagging
• Soil nailing

Soldier Pile and Lagging: Soldier piles refer to I-sections which comprise of web among two flanges. These I-sections are drilled into the ground encompassing the boundary of an excavation. The piles are delivered to the point slightly under the necessary excavation depth.

The concrete with poor strength is utilized for the purpose of grouting of piles. The gap among each two nearby piles is restricted to 10 feet. Once that exaction is completed, the flanges of piles provide good support to the surrounded soil.

Wood lagging is applied among the piles. The lagging comprises of long timber sheets or planks which are arranged behind the front flanges of piles to provide well support to the soil among the piles.

The timber contains 2 to 4 inches depth, there, some excavation should be arranged by hand behind the front flange. To create stable bond among horizontal wood sheets and front flange, welded studs, clips etc. are utilized.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to resist diagonal cracks in brick walls

Load bearing structures are mostly recognized for small houses. Normally clay bricks and cement blocks are used to develop them. Diagonal cracks in brick walls of the home may occur due to various reasons like deflection of the wall supports, foundation settlement, soil movement, and vegetation near the home.

Given below, the reasons of diagonal cracks in walls of load bearing structure and remedies to get rid of the issue.

Diagonal Cracks in Walls of Load Bearing Structure:

01. Diagonal Cracks in External Corner of the Building: These types of diagonal cracks in outside walls become broader at the top. These turn out to be thin since they move downward. The cracks transmit via DPC and spread up to the foundation of the house. These cracks come out when these are developed on shrinkable clay soil like black cotton soil. They also look when there is a shallow foundation in the house.

Once the clay soil dehydrates, it will shrink and arrange space for movement of the foundation. Such soil employs heavy pressure at the time of swelling and shrinking and in this way transform supporting soil to be unsteady. This Movement results in collapsing of foundation and therefore diagonal cracks seem to come out at the corner of the house. Besides, sometimes the trees which grow quickly adjacent to the house enhance the chances of diagonal cracking. It occurs because of the process of dehydration of soil by the roots of trees.

The following remedies should be taken to resist the diagonal cracks in outside corner of the building.

• The foundation should not be based on shrinkable clay soil. If necessary, upsurge the depth of foundation. The foundation should be lied on a level where the crack ends. Such cracks are visible while excavating the pit.
• Arrange essential foundation depth for foundation system.
• Plant the trees keeping minimum 2 meters distances from the boundary of the house.
• Cover the boundary of the house by applying 2 m wide flexible waterproof apron. i.e exact plinth protection.

Arrange flexible waterproof apron or plinth protection at a the depth of around 500mm underneath the ground level and chased 30 to 40mm into the wall. The apron is set on 100mm thick PCC laid to slope 1 in 30, and it is also chased into masonry.

To get the complete instructions, click on the following link. www.gharpedia.com

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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