Various types of measuring units found in building construction

Method of constructing post tension RCC slab

In this construction video tutorial, you will learn how post tension RCC slabs are built up as well as how post tensioning is performed and benefits of post tensioning process.

POST TENSION SLAB: It refers to the slab that is tensioned as soon as the slab is developed. Reinforcement is arranged to avoid the compression.

In Post tension slab, cables or steel tendons are utilized to substitute the reinforcement. Post-tensioning offers a solution to get rid of the natural weakness of concrete in tension as well as optimize its strength in compression.

In concrete structures, this is obtained by arranging high-tensile steel tendons/cables in the element prior to start the casting. If the concrete attains the required strength, the tendons are pulled with special hydraulic jacks and retained in tension with specially designed anchorages which are attached at each end of the tendon.

It creates compression at the edge of the structural member that increases the strength of the concrete for resisting tension stresses.

If tendons are correctly curved to a specific profile, they will exert, other than compression at the perimeter, a useful ascendant set of forces (load balancing forces) that will neutralize applied loads, alleviating the structure from a portion of gravity effects.

In this type of concrete slab, cables are affixed in place of reinforcement. In Steel reinforcement the gapping among bars is 4inch to 6inch while in Post tension slab the gapping is in excess of 2m.

Go through the following video tutorial, to get more details on post tension slab.

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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An exclusive course on structural analysis for civil engineering students

This is an exclusive structural analysis course that sheds light on an extensive series of materials which will be a great resource for civil engineering students. To get clear ideas on the topics covered in the course, you should have sound knowledge in mechanics of materials.

The course covers the following topics :-


Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram Review - If the beam is loaded at random manner, the internal forces and moments are produced and the terms shear force and bending moments appear which are useful to analyze the beams furthermore.

Double Integration Method - The double integration method refers to a robust tool that can be used for resolving deflection and slope of a beam at any point to obtain the equation of the elastic curve.

Method of Superposition – Superposition method is used to determine the deflection. Fundamentally, a complex beam along with its loading is streamlined to a wide array of basic beams (one span) and with only one load.

So, the slope and deflection of a beam owning to various loads is equivalent to the sum of those as a result of the individual loads.

Moment Area Method - The moment-area method is mostly recognized for finding out the bending displacement in beams and frames. Under this method, the area of the bending moment diagrams is applied for working out the slope and or deflections at specific points along the axis of the beam or frame.

Slope Deflection Method - The slope deflection method stands for a structural analysis method for beams and frames. The method is very effective at the time of analyzing indeterminate structures. This method is normally used to determine what reactions exist on indeterminate structures.

Moment Equation - Bending Moment Equations provide a rapid and easy analysis to determine the maximum bending moment in a beam.

Force Method - The force method (also known as the flexibility method or method of consistent deformation) is applied to compute reactions and internal forces in statically indeterminate structures owing to to loads and imposed deformations.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to create rate analysis of civil works

Each construction project is segregated into various numbers of activities. Each activity is supported with types of civil or construction works.

As for instance, when a building is constructed there are various activities like excavation or earthwork, concrete work, masonry work, wood work such as doors and windows, plumbing, flooring, waterproofing, finishing work like plastering, painting and distempering.

The Activity earthwork is segregated into different types depending on depth and type of soil. As for instance, an excavation of 1.5m deep in soft soil, an excavation of 3m deep in hard soil. Similarly, concrete work is segregated into several types on the basis of its mix proportions and its placement.

As for instance, M25 reinforced concrete is suitable in foundation, M30 reinforced concrete work in columns, slabs etc. Similarly, there are various small civil works in each construction project.

The construction project cost is estimated on the basis of each works related to each construction activity. Thus it is necessary to compute the cost of each small works.

Rate analysis of Civil Works or Building Works is the determination of cost of each construction work per unit quantity.

This cost includes the cost of materials, labors, machinery, contractors profit and other diverse insignificant expenses essential for the specific work that should be executed in unit quantity.

As for instance, cost of 1 cubic meter of M20 RCC work in slab, Cost of 1 cubic meter of excavation in soft soil of 1.5m depth, cost of 1 square meter of plastering of 20mm, cost of 1 square meter of painting work with specified paint in 2 layers or 3 layers as necessary.

Compute the cost of materials in rate analysis as composite of cost of material at origin, its transportation costs, taxes. The rate of labor is set with skill of the labor, like skilled labor, semi-skilled and unskilled labor. The cost of materials and labors differ from place to place. Thus, the cost of each construction work fluctuates from place to place.



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Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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IRCON INTERNATIONAL LIMITED is hiring Civil Engineer, Site Supervisor(Civil)

IRCON INTERNATIONAL LIMITED that falls under a premier Schedule “A” infrastructure government company under the Ministry of Railways. The company is involved in developing the turnkey infrastructure projects in Railways, Highways, Buildings, Power sector, etc.

The Company has a turnover of over 3200 crores in the year 2016-17. The Company has accomplished differ types of railway and highway project with high value over the years in India as well as outside of India like Malaysia, Bangladesh,Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Turkey, Nepal, Sri Lanka etc.

The Company is seeking candidates for different positions in various disciplines (Civil, Mechanical etc.) on contract basis. Given below, the details of eligibility criterion :

Age relaxations as per Govt. of India guidelines can be obtained upon fulfillment of the necessary qualification, pay & experience criteria etc.

Medical Standards: The health condition of the candidates should be good and there is no color blindness. No relaxation is permissible in health standards.

Selection Process: The Work Engineers have to appear for written exam and/or interview.

The Site Supervisors have to appear for written test.

The above posts are intended for Specific Ircon’s Projects and not for the regular establishment of Ircon. The tenure of position will be initially for one year and it is further extended as per necessity of the Company if the services of the candidates remain satisfactory.

However, the appointment is co-terminus with the project and will not be granted any right to claim absorption in regular establishment of the company or for appointment in other projects of the company.

B-1 compensation for indoor treatment for self at the place of posting only would be allowable.

B-2 Minimum PF as approved under the EPF & MP Act 1952 will be subtracted from the salary and equivalent contribution will be done by Ircon. The perks will be disbursed at the time of termination of contract.

B-3 One leave for each calendar month of service is allowed throughout the contract period. Leave can be carried forward and accrued but no leave payment for un-availed leave is permissible throughout the contract or on resignation or termination of contract. No other type of leave would be allowable.

B-4 One weekly leave and other public holiday are granted if the project office remains closed.
B-5 TA/DA are allowed if assigned on outstation duty.
B-6 Working hours will be identical as for the project.
B-7 No other perks or benefits are provided except the above.

B-8 The ex-employees of Ircon, whose services were terminated because of shutdown of projects, are eligible to apply for these posts upon fulfillment of necessary qualifications and experience. A copy of the termination letter will be delivered along with the application. This appointment will be based on their satisfactory performance and shall be co-terminus with the project. The persons so appointed for this project can’t claim for their absorption in regular establishment of the Company or for appointment in other projects of the company.

To apply online, click on the following link onlinecivilforum.com

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www.constructioncost.co
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Duties of a Construction Manager

Construction sites are risky and full of responsibilities and as a construction manager, it is his responsibility to set and keep right schedules, auditing finances and keeping eye on everyone about their work and needs. The manager has to make sure about the workers that the workplace is free of safety hazards and work with different working relationships in a job site.

And for securing it properly, the managers need to overlook and lead a range of building projects from start to end. Construction works on the design between the smaller renovation and remodeling jobs for larger commercial projects such as office buildings, hospitals and schools.

In America it is seen that nearly 75% of the construction managers are free contractors and hired by various clients in need of managers with definite work experience. The number of that kind of clients are increasing and demanding an educational background for their managers included a bachelor’s degree in the related field.

Difference between Construction Manager and General Contractor: Though both the terms are generally used interchangeably, they have specific differences. Generally the construction managers are associated in a given project from start to end, help their clients with basic planning with the selection of the project’s general contractor and architect. Construction managers sometimes serve in a separate capacity as the general contractor. In other hand a general contractor is responsible to provide all kinds of material, labor, engineering vehicles and tools and services which are crucial for the construction of the project. They hire professional subcontractors for doing all or parts of the construction work.

Responsibilities of a Construction Manager: A construction manager has to perform certain tasks or responsibilities like:

Quality management: Sometimes some contractors and subcontractors need to involve in construction projects. Most importantly a construction manager has to ensure the quality work of everyone without cutting any corners.

Quality management: It is important to keep an estimate of the cost and a good construction manager will always works on the costs and makes the needful adjustments if any unexpected complications or issues become arise.

Safety management: It is important to keep the capability for identifying and eliminating possible safety hazards in th4e job site for everyone’s good.

Contract administration: A good contractor need to take care that every arrangement as per the contract should be met and the involved parties are also happy.

Besides all of these things, a construction manager has to keep involved all the parties and well informed during the whole project. It will include the client, the architect and contractor or sub contractor also and in case of any rising issue the manager has to take his position to deal with the things instantly.

Becoming a Construction Manager: A construction manager has to be involved in more things, than only reading blueprints or spot-checking the quality of the work that has done. A good manager must have knowledge about all kind of standard building codes and understand the importance of green culture. The managers have to be adept with the industry-specific software with a good working knowledge of all kinds of the job. As work experience is not enough, the managers should have a bachelor’s degree in construction science, civil engineering or construction management.

They also should keep knowledge over statistics, mathematics, and architecture and information technology with specialized training in designing and planning, enforcement of building codes, scheduling and cost estimation. They possess awesome communication skills with a leading capability of a diverse team where will be different people like from site workers to the client to the designers, architects and tradesman. As the construction site is a hazard place the managers need to have the ability to do multitask works.

For more information please visit thebalance.com

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The role of a quantity surveyor in construction sector

Liabilities of a Quantity Surveyor: A Quantity Surveyor (QS) is a professional who mainly deals with construction costs and contracts associated with the Construction Industry. The role of a quantity surveyor is to recognize and compile the related costs with the purpose of creating a complete budget for any project.

A quantity surveyor can then accept cost planning to facilitate all the members of the design team to find out the practical solutions and maintain the budget of the project.

The Quantity Surveyors along with the project architect produce this final detailed estimate to make a basis on which consequent tenders are examined. With schedules of quantities, it becomes easier to translate the drawing, plans and specifications submitted by the design team to facilitate the each contractor to work out the tender prices reasonably. Once tenders are approved, the Quantity Surveyor arranges cash flow data for the client to outline his resources sufficiently to fulfill contract commitments. Alternatively, the Quantity Surveyor has to settle on how much of a job should have been paid for at any one time.

Duties of Professional Quantity Surveyor - A Professional Quantity Surveyor (PQS) should accomplish the following works:

Produce and assess construction and development tenders out of information submitted by the architects, engineers and other design consultants as well as settle and reward contracts to successful proponents..

Handle, supervise and organize all types of construction and development projects, along with the contracts and sub-contracts, construction progress schedules, cost control systems, and work measurements.

Arrange, submit and control progress invoices, valuation of changes and settle contracts. Give suggestion on construction cost and strategic planning to potential owners, architects, engineers and public authorities.

Arrange and interpret tender documents, specifications, general conditions, and other parts and forms of contracts.

Create and deliver estimates for construction and development work.

Give suggestion commercially and support to construction and development project works.

Perform or take part in arbitration and court hearings. Research, negotiate and support dispute resolution operations. Function of a Construction Estimator Certified professional.

A Professional Quantity Surveyor contains a thorough knowledge of construction and construction methods together with the laws regarding construction projects and accounting, with the intention of providing cost and financial advice.

A Professional Quantity Surveyor should have specialty in mechanical or electrical disciplines, but all Professional Quantity Surveyors should possess working knowledge of the practical facets and design features of both fields.

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How selection of construction site is dependent on the various factors

Before starting the construction work of a residential building, the proper consideration should be given on the following factors to choose the exact site for the building.

Topography, Nature of sub-soil, Position of the ground water tablem, Facilities, Neighbourhood, Undesirable things near the site, Vegetation, Shape of the site, Availability of men and materials, Proximity to sea-shore, river or lake or the place of natural beauty

Topography: Plain Grounds : If the site is plain, the process for marking, excavation and construction becomes easier without any leveling. But the problem may arise for drainage. Besides, dull pools will be developed after a deep shower. In dry weather, outflow of septic tank develops pools and various diseases will be spread out due to mosquitoes and other insects.

Slopping Grounds : A bare at least of 1% (1 in 100)slope is essential for smooth drainage. At least 2% slope should be maintained for the drainage of lawns. Slope is easily visible, if it surpasses 5%.A ground that is properly leveled contains 0% slope but it is not perfect for construction whereas a slope among 3% and 10% is mostly recognized for constructions. Smooth erosion is possible along these slopes after a deep shower and creep (downward sliding of the subsoil)is generally occurred.

Undulating ground : After proper leveling, construction can be built up on undulating ground.

Low lying area : A low lying area is not recommended. Low lying area next to water body as a lake, reservoir, tank, river or canal may come with a nice view and arrange a superior comfort in severely chill and scorching climate.

Nature of sub-soil : If a soil contains strong bearing strength, a permanent building can be easily developed. The soil that remains underneath the ground is known as sub-soil. The soils which have gravel and sand are called dry soils. These soils cause greater temperature and less humidity.

The position of ground water table : Ground Water Table (GWT) should be located at minimum depth of 3 m underneath ground level.

Percolation : Soils percolating at 180 s/mm are correspondingly less porous and pooling of waste water is generally found in them.

Facilities : Community services like street cleaning, fire protection and utilities like gas supply, drainage line, transport system should have been easily accessible without incurring any additional cost.

To gather more details, click on the following link www.onlinecivilforum.com

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Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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How to analyze rates for a PCC work with spreadsheet

Parag Pal, the most promising civil engineer, has provided some useful tips for making rate analysis concerning plain cement concrete (PCC) through an excel based spreadsheet.
P.C.C alias plain cement concreate is a useful construction material that is formed by mixing in proportion of the cement (usually portland cement), aggregate (coarse or fine ),sand and water. It is normally utilized like a binding material. Pcc is robust in compression but feeble in the tension and shear. It is mostly found in foundation work and flooring in building.

PCC is mainly used for following purposes

1. It is applied like a protective layer for the RCC above to facilitate water from the RCC not being immersed by the earth below.

2. Arranges a base for the concrete as well as facilitates the workers to set out the structure above in an efficient manner

3. Performs as a cover to reinforced cement concrete i.e. protect against corrosion of steel bars in footings

Each construction project is allocated into number of activities. Each activity contains various types of civil or construction works. Rate analysis is necessary for removing cost of construction, material planning, labour and equipment allocation in the scheduling etc.

You can’t download the spreadsheet but make necessary modification in the spreadsheet online as per your database. Only the figure in given in red color can be changed and the result will be reflected to all the cells.

To avail the spreadsheet, click on the following link. www.civilnotess.com

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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