Various Elements Of Bridge Structures

A bridge refers to a structure that arranges a passage over a hurdle devoid of closing the way underneath. The necessary passage will be intended for a road, a railway, pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline. The hurdle to be spanned may be a river, a road, railway or a valley.

Categorization of Bridges

Category of Bridges (based on form (or) type of superstructures)

1. Slab bridge

2. Beam bridge

3. Truss bridge

4. Arch bridge

5. Cable stayed (or )suspended bridge

Category of bridges (based on construction material of superstructure)

1. Timber bridge

2. Concrete bridge

3. Stone bridge

4. R.C.C bridge

5. Steel bridge

6. P.C.C bridge

7. Composite bridge

8. Aluminum bridge

Category of bridges (As per inter-span relationship)

1. Simply supported bridge

2. Cantilever bridge

3. Continuous bridge

Classification of bridges (Following the placing of the bridge floor compared with superstructures)

1. Deck through bridge

2. Half through or suspension bridge

Categorization in terms of method of connection of various part of superstructures

1. Pinned connection bridge

2. Riveted connection bridge

3. Welded connection bridge

On the basis of length of bridge

1. Culvert bridge(less than 6 m)

2. Minor bridge(less than 6 m-60m)

3. Major bridge(more than 60 m)

4. Long span bridge(more than 120 m)

On the basis of function

1. Aqueduct bridge(canal over a river)

2. Viaduct(road or railway over a valley or river)

3. Pedestrian bridge

4. Highway bridge

5. Railway bridge

6. Road-cum-rail or pipe line bridge

For more information, visit this link

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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How reinforce concrete is considered as the most vital construction material for steel construction

With some powerful features like variability, flexibility and fire & corrosion proof strength, reinforcement is considered as the most crucial construction element for steel construction that an reduce the maintenance cost of any structure significantly. Superior quality cements are used in reinforcement concrete that produce more stronger and long-lasting concrete to be applied in various types of structures.

The usage of Reinforced concrete can be found in building the floor and roof slabs, columns and beams in residential and commercial structures.

Currently, the reinforced concrete is extensively used for bridges having small, medium and long spans which produce aesthetically superior and cost-effective structures with regard to steel bridges.

The application of reinforced concrete is also found in various earth retaining structures ranging from abutments for bridges and retaining walls for earthen embankments.

Reinforced concrete is perfectly applicable for water retaining structures similar to ground and overhead tanks and hydraulic structures similar to gravity and arch dams. The material is very much acceptable for building up the big domes for water tanks and sports stadiums and conference halls.

Reinforced concrete grid floors formed with beams and slabs are broadly utilized for wrapping large areas like conference halls where it is necessary to arrange free space for column.

For aircraft hangers, reinforced concrete shells containing lean circular slabs and deep edge beams can reduce the cost significantly.

Reinforced concrete folded plate construction is utilized for industrial structures where it is essential to arrange large column free space under the roof.

In coastal areas where corrosion is inevitable for developing the marine structures like wharfs, quay walls, watchtowers and lighthouses. For warehouses in coastal areas, reinforced concrete trusses are useful to support steel trusses.

Now-a-day Reinforced concrete poles substitute steel poles for transmitting power. Tall towers for TV transmission are consistently erected with reinforced concrete.

Various Multistorey buildings for both residential and office complexes are constructed indiscriminately with reinforced concrete. For heavy duty floors in factories, reinforced concrete is very much suitable because of its resistance to corrosion and longevity.

In atomic structures, reinforced concrete is ideal to steel for pressure vessel construction caused by the greater radiation absorption characteristics of high strength and high-density concrete.

In Reinforced concrete piles, both precast and cast-in-situ are some of the vital elements for groundwork of various types of structures like bridges and buildings. The pavements for highways and airport runways are also constructed with reinforcement concrete.

So, we can say reinforced concrete is the most crucial material for developing the most simple to composite structures. With the inclusion of superior quality in cement and steel, the use of reinforced concrete will be significantly increased in 21st century.

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.quantity-takeoff.com

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Highway Construction and Engineering

Highway construction is a major process which includes many steps and tricks. These steps include planning, designing and building. Good roads lead to the path of growth.

The highway joins different cities and places, the highway network are most important for the economy of any country.

This article by Tarun Goel, published in www.brighthubengineering.com brings the guideline that how various aspects of the highway construction works.

Once upon a time human beings only trail the animal’s footprint to go at a distance. But thousands of thousands year have gone past.

For constructing any highway, planning is the most significant part. Then comes design portion of the road. It is followed by the execution process. Proper planning helps the proper estimation, capacity management and given opportunity to the engineers to modify it in the future too. Hit this links to get more knowledge of it.

• Geometric Design of Highways and Roadways
• How are Roads Built Over Swamps?
• Role of the Manager in Highway Road Projects
• Bridge Construction - Design Considerations and Materials
• Pavement Maintenance: Pounds of Prevention vs. Tons of Cure
• Connecting The Dots In Bridge Construction
• How to Repair Concrete Cracks

The selection of the materials is very important. It depends on the type of the highway and the density of the traffic pressure.

The common materials are:

• Bitumen (asphalt): Asphalt or Bitumen is blackish thick liquid or it may be semi-liquid as well used for road construction.
• Concrete: Concrete is a compound material making mix of things in the likes of water, cement, stone-chips, additive and reinforcement.

Now days, the engineers are concentrating on the eco-friendly construction of roads andbridges. Some cast-off wastes are handy in this respect. Hit these links to get more knowledge.

• Concrete Roads vs Asphalt Roads
• Bright Hub does not have a page with this exact URL
• Benefits of Air-entrained Concrete

Highway Safety Guidelines: Safety is the most significant aspect of the highway construction. The traffic, pedestrians and other vehicle drivers should feel safe along with morning or evening walkers.

These things should be in the line properly:-

• Bott's dots.
• traffic lights
• Walker’s marking
• zebra crossings
• traffic circle
• GPS-based road traffic monitoring systems

References:- European Commission, New Road Construction Concepts (pdf), 

www.ec.europa.eu

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.quantity-takeoff.com

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The Spreadsheet of Bridge Construction

In any estimation of construction, the role of spreadsheet is very important. It brings the estimation of construction in the fingertip of the developers. This Composite bridge construction design sheet, presented by civilax.com is not the exception though.

The spreadsheet is a reciprocal application programme for the computer. It helps to organize, examine, analyse and keep store the data. The formation is somewhat tabular. The spreadsheet brings computerized replication of paper made accounting. The datas are standing in rows and columns.

The construction cost estimation of a bridge on the sheet, needs lot of expertise. It includes programme, projects and operations. It is process which brings out the cost estimation of the bridge. It has the single total value, but if any developers or estimator seeks for component value, they can also get from there.

Sometime there is a problem of cost infestation. The professional estimator can manage it using a best believable cost estimating composite bridge design sheet.

Composite bridge construction design sheet helps the bridge designers and estimators to calculate the cost or its overrun whatever the cost related datas it needs for construction.

Like the Microsoft Excel, at the top of the table, leaning the extreme left end, there are some columns such as: File, home, insert, Page layouts, Formulas, Data, Review, View and add-ins. But in the extreme top in the left, there is a save-sign to save the sheet.

The third row is very important. It denotes how the page lay out would be. It is called workbook view. In this composite spreadsheet of bridge construction, there are normal view, page break preview, page layouts and custom view.

The next show-box brings us the options of rulers, formula bar, gridlines and heading. The next box is zoom box. It brings option of 100 zooming and zoom selection. The windows come next. There are new windows that can be arranged in accordance with the preference. There are also freezing panes, split, hide and unhide. There is an option to view it sidewise, scrolling and synchronization and rearrange window. Then there is switch window and macro option.

There are axis in the middle in which information were put in. The calculators are embedded there. But at the bottom of the table, there are three options of sheet 1, 2 and 3.

Reference and Image courtesy: http://www.civilax.com

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.quantity-takeoff.com

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