Some useful tips for proper foundation design

The foundations should remain as shallow as possible, in conformity with climatic effects and strength of the surface soil; specifically in waterlogged ground.

For large underground structure, shoring work design details should be perfectly defined. The structure should be considerably inflexible.

Foundation design should be inexpensive & supported with updated technology to curtail piling cost. Ground treatment work should be carried on consequently.

Designers should be well versed with the presumptions provided in design, the changeability of ground conditions, the occasional in-applicability of refined soil analyses and the feasibiity of construction.

Soil investigation report should be prepared by an experienced Geo-technical Engineer. The assessment report should comprise of all essential data.

The construction on ground properties provides various impacts like vibration from piling, damage of ground due to excavation in unfavorable weather conditions, elimination of overburden, periodical change in the water-table, compaction of the ground by construction plant.

Impact of unstable shape, length and inflexibility of the foundation, and the requirement for movement and settlement joints.

After-effects on completed foundations concerning sulfate attack on concrete, ground movements because of frost heave, shrinkable clay, and the impacts of trees; also alterations in local environment, e.g. new construction, re-routing of heavy traffic, installation of plant in adjacent factories creating impact and vibration.

Fast but expensive construction may be more economic than low-cost but slow construction to clients needing quick return on capital investment.

Impact of new foundation loading on current adjacent structures.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Brief explanation of rebaring method in reinforced concrete construction

Rebaring technique in reinforced concrete construction stands for a process that is undertaken for fabricating and arranging of reinforcement bars perfectly based on the design and drawings intended for RCC works.

It is known fact that concrete is very durable in compression and weak in tension. The reinforcement bars alias rebars are strong in tension and these are combined with concrete to employ its tension property.

The responsible engineer produces the calculation of reinforcement bar for a reinforced concrete work. The engineer supplies us the particular details of the number of reinforcement bars as well as the shape and size of each bar for each work.

The responsible engineer produces the calculation of reinforcement bar for a reinforced concrete work. The engineer supplies us the particular details of the number of reinforcement bars as well as the shape and size of each bar for each work.

Various types of loads like tension, compression, lateral, horizontal and torsion are available which develop from pressure. To determine the strength of concrete, you have to find out whether concrete can withstand these loads or not.

The strength obtained by the R.C.C structure is based on the method and the techniques to be used for setting up the reinforcement bar. The reinforcement bars are primarily patterned over its surface to allow perfect bonding with the concrete.

Importance of Rebaring Technique in Reinforced Concrete Construction: The steel reinforcement usually is segregated into two categories i.e.

• Primary Reinforcement or Main Steel reinforcement
• Secondary reinforcement or distribution reinforcement

The objective of applying main steel reinforcement bars in R.C.C structures is to maintain resistance capacity for withstanding the entire design loads delivered to it. The secondary reinforcement bars are primarily used to maintain longevity and elegant look.

This reinforcement ensures to keep resistance for localized areas like limited cracking. These can also combat the stresses produced because of divergences in temperature.

The main bars which are used with indicated diameter, are bent at the ends. The stirrups belong to reinforcements which are arranged laterally, to place the main bars of the structural elements like beams and columns, in exact location.

The stirrups may come in various shapes like circular, square, rectangular, helical or diamond on the basis of the cross-section of the structural element. The reinforcement bars in the corners may appear as L – shaped.

The caging for the structural element to be decided should be perfectly fastened so as to keep the position of each bar unchanged throughout concreting. This is a check that should be always maintained throughout concreting otherwise it can hamper the stability of the structural member.

The rebars are primarily arranged at the junctions where the formwork of the structural element is closed and at the point where a new structural element should be fastened with the former one.

To gather more information, click on the following link theconstructor.org

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Foundation3D – A powerful construction tool for footing analysis and design

Foundation3D is a powerful tool that can be used for analyzing and designing spread and combined footing. The design of soil or pile supported foundation can be completed without any difficulty.

This tool is best suited for for creating the design of foundations for industrial equipment like horizontal exchangers and vessels, vertical vessels or towers, pipe racks and other plant supports.

By creating foundation design automatically, Foundation3D can constantly fulfill or outdo your project schedule requirements. Foundation3D facilitates to considerably enhance your productivity at each phase of your project ranging from equipment-specific automated load calculations to generating design sketches.

MAIN FEATURES:

• International Design Codes: Compatible with various international concrete design codes to finish the global projects successfully.
• User Defined Parameters: There are various customizable design options like concrete cover, pile arrangement and lots others to facilitate fulfilling different types of project specifications.
• Load Generation: Computes different types of equipment loads along with wind loads instantly and precisely to save significant times for load calculation.
• Load Cases and Combinations: Produces load cases and combinations for equipment foundation design which are mostly utilized and reduce major design time
• Soil/Pile Supported Designs: Accomplishes both soil and pile supported foundation designs in an collaborative surrounding facilitating you to explore with various “what-if” scenarios for getting best solution
• Analysis/Design Modes: Provides supports to both analysis and design modes for successful execution of your grass-roots or revamp projects, minimizing the total cost of ownership

• Numerous Foundation Components Design: Accomplishes the design process of several elements concerning a foundation like pedestals and footing, saving you the cost of learning multiple software solutions
• Rebar Layouts: Produces the layouts of rebar in pedestals and footings with customization options
• Material Quantities: Creates the material quantities to produce perfect cost estimates to your customers each time, at each stage of the project
• Detailed Design Sketches: Creates a detailed design sketch along with foundation plan, elevation, and sections, facilitating you to sum up the finalized design efficiently

• 2D Drawings: Collaborates with most recognized CAD engines to deliver 2D construction drawings, allowing you to control your design-drawing environment and human resources competently
• 3D Models: Collaborates with robust modeling tools to produce 3D models of the completed foundation design, facilitating you to fulfill or outdo compressed, variable project schedule requirements
• Multiple Reporting Options: Produces various types of customizable reports for your internal or client requirements
• Import Wizard: Imports support geometry and reactions from any superstructure software solution to execute foundation design instantly, enhancing your productivity.

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Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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Brief explanation of welded connection of single angle section with gusset connection

In this construction video tutorial, one can learn how to follow IS 800-2007 limit state method for developing the welded connection of the single angle section that contains gusset connection.

You will learn what exactly a welded connection is in tension members. When two members in a structure are associated using the welds, such a connection is defined as welded connection.

The elementary types of welded connections are categorized on the basis of the types of welds, position of welds and type of joint.

Depending on the type of weld, welds are categorized into fillet weld, groove weld (or butt weld), plug weld, slot weld, spot weld etc.

Welding facilitates transmission of stress directly among members removing gusset and splice plates which are essential for bolted structures. Therefore, the weight of the joint is lowest. Toward tension members, the nonexistence of holes enhances the effectiveness of the section. It includes fewer fabrication cost with regard to other methods because of execution of fewer parts and removal of operations like drilling, punching etc. and subsequently fewer labor resulting in cost reduction.

Single-angle compression members belong to simple structural components. It is very complicated to make analysis and design of these members. These members are generally associated with other members through one leg only. Therefore, the load is employed eccentrically.

A gusset plate is made of a thick sheet of steel used for linking various structural steel elements like beams and girders to columns as well as uniting truss members. The gusset plate is set up at the juncture of two or more adjoining beams, chords, or columns. It is tied to each steel framing member with bolts, rivets or welding or an amalgamation of the three. The objective of the gusset plates is to connect the steel together as well as provide strength and support to each joint. These are mostly found in bridges and buildings as well as other structures.

Watch the online demonstration.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co

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Types of footings with diagrams

This is a nice video presentation from Parag Pal, the renowned civil engineer. In this video, Mr. Parag gives brief explanation about types of footings mostly utilized in construction. The types of footings range from isolated footings, mat footings, strap footings, combined footings. All the footings are demonstrated with their diagrams.

Footings are considered as the most vital parts in various foundations like bridges.

Isolated footings - Isolated footings are used in normal home, house constructions. When footing is arranged to provide support to a distinct column, it is known as “isolated footing”. It belongs to circular, square or rectangular slab having identical thickness.

Combined footings - When two or more columns in a straight line are passed on a single spread footing, it is known as a combined footing. It is generally utilized when the two column are very adjacent to each other so that their individual footings would coincide.

Strap footings - A strap footing is a constituent of the foundation of a building. It is one sort of combined footing that contains two or more column footings attached with a concrete beam. This type of beam is known as a strap beam.

Mat/Raft foundation or mat footings - A big, dense, generally reinforced concrete mat that delivers loads from various columns and walls, to the foundational rock or soil. It is called raft foundation.

For online demonstration, watch the following video.

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Download truss design spreadsheet

This estimating spreadsheet is specifically created for designing truss. By using this spreadsheet one can design light gage truss on the basis of AISI S100/SI-10 & ER-4943P.

The following design criterion is required for truss analysis.

The intermediate, finite element analysis contains shear deformations with E & G equivalent to 29500 ksi & 11300 ksi.

There are various rotations at similar joint of web to chord, since web pinned to continued chord.

Top chord shall be affixed to sheathing prior to inclusion of vertical load.

This spreadsheet will be useful for defining joint deflections with finite

To download the spreadsheet, click on the following link. www.finesoftware.eu

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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Detail processes for creating the design of RCC Column with foundation

Reinforced Cement Concrete column is a part and parcel of RCC frame structured building.

Reinforced concrete foundations are designed on the basis of column loads and moments at base and the soil data.

It belongs to a vertical member that delivers loads from slab and beam directly to succeeding soil.

The entire building rests on columns. The collapsing of the most of the buildings occurs because of column failure. Beside design errors, substandard construction practice also leads to failure of column. So, it is mostly crucial to have a clear & perfect idea on the construction process of the RCC column.

In order to buildup RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) Column, the following four stages of works are essential :-.

1. Column layout work
2. Column reinforcement work
3. Column formwork, and
4. Pouring concrete into column.

To learn the complete process for RCC Column Design with foundation, go through the following link. onlinecivilforum.com

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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How to compute quantity of steel in column footing with BBS

This construction video tutorial will teach you how to estimate the steel quantity in column footing with bar bending schedule.

Column Footing stands for an independent footing or foundation under a column or either equivalent member for delivering the concentrated load by means of uniformly loads to the soil underneath in order that the bearing capacity of the soil is not surpassed and differential settling does not take place. The footing may come in square, rectangular or circular in plan.

The footing may be constructed with brick masonry, stone, R.C.C., steel grill-age etc on the basis of the load to be transferred as well as the bearing capacity of soil. As a result of low bending strength, the footings built with brick, stone or plain concrete need extensive depth to bear heavy loads safely.

The depth of plain concrete footing is minimized significantly with the arrangement of reinforcements at its base to withstand tensile stresses. R.C.C. column footings may com in circular, rectangular or square in plan. The footing is reinforced both-ways using mild steel ribbed bars which are arranged at exact angles to one another at similar distances apart.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co

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Some useful construction tips on concrete mix design

This construction video tutorial focuses on concrete mix design. In this video grades are taken as M 7.5, M10, M15, M20 and mix ratios for cement, sand and aggregate are taken as 1:4:8, 1:3:6, 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3. The amount of water is required for amalgamating concrete in 50 kg cement.

Concrete mix design refers to the method of choosing the appropriate components (cement, sand and coarse aggregates) as well as their relevant proportions with the purpose of developing concrete by maintaining specific minimum strength & durability.

Objective of mix design
To make sure that the optimal ratios of the constituent materials is maintained to satisfy the need of the structure.
To obtain the preferred minimum strength in the hardened stage.

To obtain the needed minimum strength in the hardened stage.
To obtain the preferred strength in the specified environment conditions
To form concrete as inexpensively as possible.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co

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Benefits of Grillage Foundation

Grillage Foundation design is mostly suitable for heavy structural loads from columns, piers or beams which are essential to transmit bearing capacity of a soil relatively inferior.

The grillage foundation can easily disperse the load over a broad area of the subsoil. This foundation facilitates to resist deep excavations because the required base area is arranged for the load of the transmission. The foundation depth is restricted from 1m to 1.5m.

The grillage foundation contains two or more tiers of beams placed at proper angles to disperse the load over a extensive area.

Usually, this type of foundation is undertaken toward heavy structure columns piers and stanchions. Grillage is made with steel I I section (R.S.J) placed in single or double large.

The second larger - The number of R.S.J.S and they’re spaced separately based on load of the structure and the bearing capability of the soil.

Ground Improvement with inclusion of Load or enhancing operative stress

When load is delivered on the ground, it is compressed. The range and required time may vary according to the placing of ground particles, on the degree of saturation as well as smooth draining of the soil. If load is delivered for loose and specifically unsaturated fills, it can cause quick settlement.

In order to build a grillage foundation, a trench of the essential width and depth is excavated. The trench surface is leveled and rammed. Above the rammed surface, a cement concrete layer is applied. It should be condensed properly to transform it water-resistant. R.S.J.S contain necessary dimension that are place at consistent gaps. For implanting the lower flanges of the R.S.J.S into the concrete, rich cement mortar is poured. The pipes and bolts are used to attach the R.S.J.S collectively. The bolts are pushed into web of the R.S.J.S.

G.I. pipe pieces are arranged among R.S.J.S, and a long bolt is passed over all the holes and pipes. This will attach the R.S.J.S collectively and develop a solid mass.

Grillage Foundation Types

1.Steel Grillage Foundation

Steel Grillage Foundation is developed with steel beams and it is structurally called rolled steel joists (RSJ), applied in two or more tiers.

2.Timber Grillage Foundation

Timber grillage is undertaken for heavy load wood column or masonry wall. Benefits of Grillage Foundations.

Steel grillage foundation is more useful for contractors as compared to wooden grillage.

Installation Speed – Contractors can make significant savings in time through a grillage foundation.

Suitability – Grillage foundations are mostly used in place of poured concrete and huge time is saved because of smooth installation process.

Costs Reduction – Contractor can obtain discount in cost as there is least possibility for disarrangement of transport infrastructure.

Multipurpose foundation solution – The technology supports various applications.

Ref: constructiontuts.com

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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