A wide array of reinforced concrete design examples

This construction article is based on various reinforced concrete design examples. You will be familiar with flexural analysis of beam.

Given below, various examples and their solutions :-
Make proper calculation for the following reinforced concrete sections :-

Example 1 : The balanced steel reinforcement: The maximum steel reinforcement area for a tension-controlled and transition section per ACI code 318-11.

The location of the neutral axis and the depth of the equivalent compressive Whitney stress block for the tension-controlled section in B.

Here, the compressive strength is given as f'c = 4 ksi and yield strength is given as Fy = 60 ksi

ACI code 318-11 is followed

Example 2 : Examine the adequacy of a rectangular tension controlled section on the basis of dead and live loads.

A 10 ft long cantilever beam contains a rectangular section and reinforcement. The beam bears a dead load of 2 k/ft (along with self weight) and a live load of 1 k/ft.

The compressive strength is provided as f'c = 4 ksi and yield strength is fy = 60 ksi, verify if the beam has sufficient strength to bear the provided loads with ACI Code 318-11.

Example 3 : Work out the design moment strength and the location of the neutral axis of a rectangular section containing two rows of tension reinforcement.

b (width) is given as 13 inches
d is given as 23.5
h (through depth of the section) is given as 27 inches
dt (distance from the extreme compression fibre to the location of the extreme tension reinforcement) is given as 24.5

f'c (the compressive strength) is given as 4 ksi
fy (the yield strength) is given as 60 ksi

Example 4 : Work out the design moment strength and the position of the neutral axis of a rectangular section with compression reinforcement that yields.

The following properties are included in the rectangular section :-
Width = b = 12"
Effective depth = d = 22.5"
Tension reinforcement = (6) no. 9 bars
Compression reinforcement = (2) no. 6 bars

Compute the design strength of the beam if f'c = 4 ksi and fy = 50 ksi with ACI Code 318-11.

To get the solutions of the above-mentioned problems, go through the following link. www.engineeringexamples.net

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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Combined Pad Foundation Design Spreadsheets

Combined Pad Foundation Design Spreadsheets comprise of a series of spreadsheets which can be used for stability analysis and structural design of a combined rectangular pad foundation.

The spreadsheets evaluate the loadings input by the user and work out the best possible pad size to transmit these loads into an tolerable bearing pressure into the soil.

Unique Pad Sizing and Eccentricity Charts simplify the process for the designer to opt for the best pad dimensions.

As soon as the pad size is set, the spreadsheets then workout the design bending moments and the necessary reinforcement in both X and Y directions for sagging and hogging. The designer can then indicate the perfect reinforcement arrangement with unique recommended reinforcement chart which demonstrates graphically the existing reinforcement arrangements to fulfil both necessary cross sectional area and spacing requirements.

Then a summary page is formed and a reinforcement drawing is produced to provide the perfect reinforcement arrangements which the user has indicated.

The suite comprises of a total of 4 spreadsheets :

• A simple combined pad design spreadsheet to make analysis of a simple combined pad foundation depending on two axial loads where the consequential load must operate through the centroid of the base.

This spreadsheet is ideal for most cases and facilitates making design rapidly for straight forward situations.

• A complex integrated pad design spreadsheet that can easily analyze any combined rectangular pad foundation on the basis of axial, horizontal or moment loadings.

These spreadsheets contain all the tools to design complicated issues or where close attention should be given to detail. It can deal with any size rectangular pad and rectangular columns to where space is restricted in one direction. The spreadsheet also arranges the base for being loaded eccentrically in any arrangement required by the designer.

It comprises sliding analysis to rationalize any horizontal loads. It involves design charts to make brief analysis of shear and punching shear loads, and comprises of bending moment and shear force diagrams to facilitate the designer to design the reinforcement in as much detail.

Both simple and complex spreadsheets are available to abide by either British Standards BS8110 & BS8004 or Eurocodes BS En 1992 & BS En 1997.

Download Combined Pad Foundation Design Spreadsheets civilweb-spreadsheets.com



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to determine the length of a transition curve

In this construction video tutorial, you will learn how to determine the length of a transition curve by applying various methods like definite rate of superelevation, rate of change of radial acceleration and arbitrary gradient.

Definition of transition curve may be given as following :-

The transition curve stands for a horizontal curve with inconstant radius that is applied to attach straight line to circular curve. The radius of curve changes from infinite to certain fix value.

Normally, transition curve is arranged at both ends of the circular curve.

Occasionally, it is also arranged at end of compound curve. It is very effective for transportation engineer, highway engineering and surveyors.

Benefits of transition curve: If there is no transition curve, the risk for overturning of train or truck may occur. This vehicle can skid and leads to accidents on road.

Transition curve contributes to sluggish increase of curvature that facilitates a driver to increase the speed of vehicle. It also allows the vehicle to drive at greater speed in curve.

The following properties should be included in a curve to be qualified as a transition curve :-

• It's radius should have been infinite at origin on the tangent.
• Where the circular curve coincides at that curve, on that point radius must be equivalent with the radius of circular curve.
• There should not be any divergence among rate of increase of super elevation and the rate of increase of curvature.

The formula of definite rate of superelevation is L = nh/100 (meters)

Where, h denotes superelevation in centimetres and L denotes length of transition curve in meters.

The definite rate of superelevation should be assumed as 1 in n.

The formula of rate of change of radial acceleration is L = v3/ar (meters)

Where, v = speed/velocity of vehicle (m/sec)
a = rate of radial acceleration
L = length of transition curve in meters

The formula of arbitrary gradient is L = hv/a (meters)

Where, v = speed/velocity of vehicle (m/sec)

h = amount of superelevation
a = time rate in centimetres per second

To gather more details, go through the following video tutorial.

Read more

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Published By

Rajib Dey

www.constructioncost.co

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More about design drawings and model planning

Planning: Building plans can be somehow difficult to get as the planning for every kind of building is not same and they upgrades and changes every day.

Plans are like a set of drawings or two-dimensional diagrams that are used to narrate a place or object or to communicate building or fabrication instructions which are drawn or printed on paper and can take the form of a digital file.

Planning are generally made for different technical purposes like architecture, engineering or construction etc. and those capture all the geometric features of a site, building, product or component in an accurate and clear way so that it can display a clear information to the builder or manufacturer to help in design.

Generally this process of making plans and producing them is known as technical drawing and a working drawing is a kind of technical drawing where documentation has to be done to build any engineering product or architecture such as civil, architectural, structural, mechanical, electrical and plumbing etc. In the same way there is some software that helps to plan the models for building purpose or designing in other way such as BIM describes the process of creating and managing digital information about a building or other facility like bridge, highway, tunnel etc. and many more. BIM ensures that actual information should be created in a right format at the appropriate time so that better decisions can be taken in throughout the design, construction and operation of built assets.

At the beginning of a project, the BIM is known as Project Information model might include previous information like site reviews, condition reviews, information about previous services and many more and all those information should be generated from a previous Asset Information Model or Aim to operate and maintain a built asset.

A design intent model is developed in the time of design stages going in a project and it gets more detailed with the growth of the project and at last it will become a Virtual Construction Model with all other objects in the model to be manufactures, installed or constructed.

Design Drawings: they are used to develop and communicate ideas about a developing design and in the beginning stage of designing them only demonstrate to the client the capacity of a particular design team to grasp the design.

These designs are used in developing and communicating the detail, examine potential sites and assess options and develop the approved idea into a consistent and co-ordinate design and communicate the developed design to the local planning authority, contractors and suppliers.

Besides that it also keeps the track of the completed construction and constant changes in completing the construction project. But it is also true that some of these are not always known as design drawings as sometimes they has not started well or completed early. But all of them have some things of investigation or development of the design or sometimes they are good for nothing.

So these design drawings can be categorized as:

• Feasibility studies.
• Option appraisals.
• Concept drawings.
• Detailed or developed design.
• Technical design.
• Tender drawings.
• Shop, installation and construction drawings.

Design drawings are developed in a detailed way from block and massing drawings, sketches to detailed technical drawings etc. but while developing it are important to know the purpose and about the information the designs can narrate through them. They must determine their actual format, size, scale and every little detail that will be useful for the drawings suppliers to use in fabrication. These drawings can be prepared by architects, technicians, structural engineers, civil engineers and so on other different practitioners; but they must be carefully integrated and co-ordinated to give security about the right level of design in all the elements. These drawings has been revolutionized at first by CAD and then by BIM.




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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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