Seismic Zones in India

In the field of seismology, seismic zones are, areas divided based on the frequency and intensity of expected earthquake. Indian subcontinent comprises of four seismic zones those are- II, III, IV and V. These zones are categorized based on scientific research related to seismicity and earthquake occurrence in the past years.

Earlier India was divided into five zones, but then, The Bureau of Indian Standards [IS 1893 (Part I):2002] decided to group the country into four seismic zones, where, the first and second zone being unified.

The Bureau of Indian Standards is responsible for publishing seismic activities in terms of seismic hazard maps and codes. They brought out a total of three versions of seismic zones; a six zone map in 1962, a seven zone map in 1966 and a five zone map in 1970/1984.

Seismic Active Zone:

Seismic Zone II: This is the area that suffers least damage of the other three zones. Intensity of earthquake lies between intensities V to VI of MM scale (MM – Modified Mercalli Intensity scale).

Zone II covers those areas which are not covered by the other zones listed below.

Seismic Zone III: Zone III receives moderate damage. This damage corresponds to intensity VII of MM scale.

States that lie under this zone are- Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Gujarat, Goa, Lakshadweep islands, West Bengal, Karnataka, parts of Punjab and some remaining parts of Uttar Pradesh.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Porotherm Bricks : Properties, Advantages and Applications

Porotherm clay bricks are special type of bricks made using natural clay, coal ash, rice husk, and granite slurry. Apart from the common size 400x200x200mm, they come in various sizes. They help in providing walling system which aids in thermal insulation resulting in cooler interiors in hot summer and warm interior in cold seasons. These clays apart from being environmentally friendly, they are economical and easy to use.

Properties:

a. The compressive strength is greater than 3.5MPa.
b. High thermal and sound insulation.
c. Low weight.
d. High fire resistance.
e. Density range from 694 to 783 kg/m3.
f. Large size but light in weight.
g. Water absorption is around 15.

Advantages:

1. Environmental Friendly: Porotherm bricks are made up of recycled materials hence, they’re eco friendly.
2. Cost Effective: Porotherm bricks save lot of energy by cutting operation and construction cost.
3. Speed of Construction: Due to its lightweight nature and ease of handling, it increases the speed of construction.
4. High Durability: They’re highly durable and can easily resist fire and carbonation, thus possess long life.
5. Thermal Insulation: Perforation of these bricks results in great thermal insulation.
6. Good Strength: Porotherm bricks are manufactured at high temperatures. It’s composition includes teeracotta which adds strength to the brick. Compressive strength of porotherm brick is greater than 3.5MPa.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Case Study: Vista Tower, Chicago

The construction business in Chicago has always been successful, to say the least. The city hosts major buildings and modern landmarks, as well as widespread infrastructure expansions and land developments in the outskirts of the prestigious city. By analyzing and understanding some of the biggest projects in the city, completed or ongoing, we can realize the technology and the efforts that went into developing them. This is called case studies, which are one of the best ways to understand the construction industry overall.

Today we will look into the construction of the Vista Tower in Chicago. Located at 363 East Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois, the construction of this megaproject is still going on and is scheduled to finish by 2020. This is going to be the third tallest building in Chicago after the Willis and Trump Towers.

The official name of the complex is Lakeshore East, and it will host a mixed-use building with both residential and hotel usage. The Vista Tower is supposed to be 101 stories tall at 1198 feet (365 meters), and it will be divided into three buildings respectively of 47, 71, and 93 stories. The building was designed to contain 406 condos and 210 hotel rooms under the Wanda Vista five-star hotel.

Designed by Jeanne Gang, the Vista Tower is being constructed by the Magellan Development Group and the Wanda Group, who are going to pump in nearly a billion dollars into the project. Point to note here that when completed, the Vista Tower will become the world's tallest structure designed by a female architect.

The Tower's proximity to the Chicago River and Lake Michigan's lakefront park system will allow the building to define the skyline with a high level of prominence. The brilliantly imagined vertically stacked frustums (pyramids with the tops cut off) made of reinforced concrete will be adorned with a flowing glass facade, colored in gradients. The building will have 19 such frustums (at most) with spandrel covered floor slab edges, which is expected to create a unique visual texture for the outer skin.

The tower being so tall, may fall victim to wind-induced swaying. To prevent this, seven water-filled tanks are placed atop the tower. When the building is pressed by the wind to sway is a certain direction, the water in the tanks will slosh in the opposite direction which in turn will offset the swaying effect. Also, since this is not enough to prevent high powerful winds exerting more power on the building sides, there will be a large "blow-through floor", the first of its kind in Chicago, near the top of the tower which will let these winds through.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Top Ten Construction Projects in World

The Construction industry is something that never stops. To achieve more living space, better infrastructure, production facility, and development, we need to be building some stuff all the time, expanding our concrete footprint everywhere. These construction projects can range from small residential houses to giant skyscrapers or miles-long bridges.

Today, we will discuss ten of these construction projects in the world, which we consider as the largest of them all. These projects not only take up huge ground area, but they are also gigantic in scope, manpower and resource usage, economic and geographical impact, and they take quite some time to build. Some of these require very different kinds of technologies to construct, as you will see below. Our list of the top ten largest construction projects includes infrastructures, industrial, and entertainment complexes.

Al Maktoum International Airport, Dubai

Spreading over 21 square miles, the Al Maktoum International Airport is the largest airport under construction ever. While the construction has been scheduled to finish in 2018, it has been delayed indefinitely. The monstrous project will eat up $32 billion in the second phase only. When finished, the airport will be able to accommodate the movements and servicing of two hundred wide-body airplanes and other assorted aircraft at one time.

Jubail II, Saudi Arabia

One of the longest-running industrial projects in the world is Jubail II, running for over 22 years. It is an industrial city, comprising of over a hundred industrial plants, a desalination plant sized eight hundred thousand cubic meters, and an oil refinery capable of producing 350,000 barrels of oil every day. The grounds of this project will be crisscrossed with miles and miles of highways, railroads, and streets to connect it with the rest of the country. It has started the second phase of expansion worth $11 billion back in 2014 is scheduled to continue building till 2024.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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What is Self-Compacting Concrete and How is it used

Self-compacting Concrete, or Self-Consolidating Concrete, generally called SCC, is a fresh concrete that runs under its own weight and does not want external oscillation to undergo compaction. Constructors use SCC in the building structures where it is troublesome to use vibrators for the consolidation of concrete.

Why is Compaction Needed?

After the liquid or paste concrete is poured in place and should be left to set, it should undergo the compaction process before it starts to harden. Compaction or Consolidation significantly enhances the final strength of concrete and improves bonding with reinforcement. It also increases the abrasion resistance and overall sturdiness of the concrete. Moreover, this process decreases the permeability of concrete and helps to minimize its shrinkage and creep characteristics.

What is SCC?

The SCC or Self-compacting concrete is a form of concrete that can flow under its weight, and that does not need to go through a separate compaction process to fill and flow through heavy reinforcement areas.

SCC has more or less equivalent cement binders and water ratios as the standard concrete mix. However, the variations in the mix cause the SCC to produce a higher strength without vibrating the concrete by forming better bonds between the hardened paste and the aggregates and reinforcements. You can pour SCC into structures more than five meters tall because due to its characteristics the aggregates will not get segregated. The self-compacting concrete can also be poured faster than the regular mix.

What are the Materials in SCC Mix?

To give the concrete paste diverse properties, somewhat different materials ratios are used in the SCC mix. These are as follows.

Cement: Grade 43 cement is used in self-compacting concrete, which must meet the physical properties according to IS:8112 code. The following table will give a better understanding of the cement used in SCC

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Types and Uses of Bulldozers in Construction

Most construction projects need moving of a large amount of earth, soil, sand, rubble, and debris all the time, especially at the beginning of the project. For this purpose, bulldozers come in very handy in land-based construction projects. Today we will see what these powerful machines are and how they are used in the construction industry.

The phrase "bulldozer" comes from an amalgamation of the words 'bull' and 'dose'. The first word implies power, while the latter indicates a will to force something to happen. The first proper bulldozer in history was produced in 1923 by farmer James Cummings and draftsman J. E. Mcleod. But this was used for farming purposes only. Bulldozers saw construction uses by the 1940’s.

What are Bulldozers?

Bulldozers, or dozers, in short, are essentially tractors with a large blade mounted in front of them. The tractor helps push the blade around the ground. Perpendicular to the ground, the blade is a thick plate of metal, wider than the tractor behind it and sometimes even half as tall. Sometimes the dozers come equipped with a claw-like device attached in the rear called a ripper to loosen up the ground before pushing it around.

Mobility

The vehicles are generally mounted on tracks, which gives them excellent ground traction and mobility on rough unstable terrain. Some versions of bulldozers come with extra-wide "swamp tracks" to handle soft ground. Though in uneven terrain, the use of wheeled bulldozers is common too. These dozers are mounted on four articulated hydraulics-operated large rubber wheels, which gives the vehicle the ability to work on uneven terrain and also much better speed than the tracked versions.

The engines of bulldozers need to be very high-powered since they need to create a huge amount of energy to push heavy objects. Also, the same engine needs to power the often-used hydraulics system. Depending on tasks the engines of dozers can vary from 70 to 1000 horsepower.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Best Calculators Construction Engineers are Using

The construction industry is near the top of the most math-heavy fields of work. Each project starts guzzling out numerical data right from the very beginning of the process. All that information needs to be calculated using the proper tools to produce the desired result.

Chances are, you have been using some basic calculator to help in this work. A standard engineering calculator can be found in most civil engineers’ bags. Worse, we see that in modern days people are using the calculators in their mobiles in this task. However, if you are a construction manager worth your salt, you would know that these generalized tools are pathetic when it comes to handling complicated building-related data. Wouldn’t you wish there were calculators custom-built for construction jobs?

Fortunately, there are. Today, we will look into a few gadgets built specifically to handle the computational needs in a construction project. These calculators support custom functions, fractional computing, unit conversion, and a lot of other stuff specifically needed for building construction managers and civil engineers. Some of these are portable devices and some again are mobile apps. The 5 most popular construction calculators are:

1. Construction Master Pro
2. Construction Calculator-Building Material Estimate
3. Jobber 6
4. C-Calc Pro
5. Materials Estimating Calculator

Construction Master Pro: The flagship of Calculated Industries general construction calculation tools line, Construction Master Pro looks like any standard scientific calculator in a nice solid shockproof casing at first glance. Look closer, however, and you will see a myriad of custom functions and tools ornamenting the keypad.

Covering a wide range of constructional computation activities, this device can calculate details of building to framing to concrete work. Not only measurements, but you can also use this device to calculate how much material you need for building a given structure, the volume in excavations as well as fillings, and even go as far as counting the number of transports and their costs for your project.

The Construction Master Pro covers unit conversion needs as well, and unlike a scientific converter it will not needlessly bog you down into unnecessary unit lists. It can convert to and from all building standard units like foot, meter, inch, centimetre and so on. Another advantage this device offers is the conversion of not only lengths but also areas and volumes.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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