How to set up windows in concrete wall

If the function of specific spaces is changed or lights are necessary in garages or basements, the windows should be installed in concrete wall. The work should be carried out in a perfect manner based on the relevant codes other than taking suggestions of a structural engineer so that the loads can be transmitted perfectly over the window throughout making opening, erection of lintels, and window installations.

The window installation process in concrete wall comprises different steps like indicating boundary of the window on the wall, arranging L- shape steel or building up reinforced concrete beam as a lintel, creating an opening inside specified boundary, smooth edge of the opening, placement of windows, and at the end deployment of water proving agent around the frame of the window.

Installation methods of Windows in Brick Masonry Wall

Forming Opening:

1. Prior to form opening, verify that the wall apart from opening is sufficient to sustain the load delivering to the structure.
2. Inspect different obstacles like buried utilities, shrubbery, indoor wiring and ductwork.
3. All the structural members standing on the walls with direct bearing over the area in which opening are created, should be perfectly supported with props to reduce the load from masonry wall unless the lintel over the opening can bear the load sufficiently.

4. The segment to be disassembled should be properly labeled on both sides of the wall.
5. Disassembling should be done from top to bottom inside the marked area.
6. The sides of the opening should be equivalent and perpendicular to the plane of wall.

Construction of Lintel:

1. The lintel should be constantly cast first in the opening made for the purpose.
2. One side of the shuttering should be uncovered initially till the concrete is placed.
3. The shuttering should then be secured for half of the opening and concreting is finished.
4. Curing of lintel casted should be kept for a minimum period of 7 days.
5. Sometimes, L-shaped steel beam may be applied as a lintel.

Installing Window:

1. Make a wood casing that is attached with the concrete opening with screw.
2. Frame the bottom shelf with an angle in order that the water striking the window will get away from it.
3. Flash the complete wood casing with the primer perfectly.
4. Install window in the flashed opening and provide sufficient space all around the window for insulation.
5. Fill that space with low expansion polyurethane spray foam.
6. In a concrete wall with no wood framing, install the window framework by fixing it into the concrete wall with self-tapping concrete screws.
7. For a block wall installation, fix with rust-resistant screws with a toe-nail method through the jambs into the head and sill boards at each corner.

8. Reduce the window into the framed opening, inserting the bottom window edge initially, then tipping in the top.
9. Shim the window from both the interior and exterior sides till it is level, square, and flush with the exterior side of the basement wall. Keep in mind that the window should not get damaed with extreme shim pressure.
10. Use expanding foam to the window frame gap created by the shims. Allow the foam to cure for minimum one hour before trimming the excess.
11. Use sealant around the window frame joint on both the exterior and interior sides.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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How to generate a floor plan to scale for any space

Given below, some vital steps and items for creating a solid diagram for floor plan:

List requirements: Create a brief list of the requirements of the people who will capture the space.

Measure - Ensure to obtain the exact measurements for the following items :

Exterior walls or footprint of your space, any doorways or entries, and windows. The walls from side to side and from the floor to the ceiling. Positions of the electrical outlets, switches, and other controls.

Permanent fixtures: Any and all architectural features along with fireplaces, brackets, shelves, benches, and any other in-built features.

Adjoining space and outside or overall dimensions of these items, and then trace each on your plan.

Objects inside the space

Scale: Floor plans should be drawn up to scale, it signifies that the size of your drawing should be minimized in order that the total space can be accommodated properly on a piece of paper or screen. A common scale is 1/4 inch = 1 foot. This similar scale should be employed to objects like furniture or exhibit booths which will be contained in the floor plan.

Consider sightlines: Standing, sitting, or working anything you prefer to see. Consider about windows, doorways, walls and what makes the most sense for the purposes you plan for the space.

Render it: Based on the all elements, arrange your floor plan.

Evaluate: Evaluate the requirements lists and the spatial arrangement along with circulation. Other factors comprise of utilizable space, privacy, and accessibility.

Share: Collaborate and take help from someone else to examine your floor plan to obtain helpful feedback to double-check your thinking and design.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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PyPile- a pile analysis software program

PyPile is a free sidelong pile analysis software program which is based on p-y curves and used for pile bending, bending moment and shear force analyzing with different load cases.

About Software: PyPile is developed by Yong Technology and the latest version is 0.6.3 which is available for both Windows and Mac. This software has the file size of 11.79 MB so it doesn’t take much space and has the license of Freeware so basically it is virus free. This software comes with common pile cross sections and custom cross section; it also included basic soft clay, stiff clay, sand p-y curves (Barry J. Heyer and Lymon C. Reese) and customized p-y curves. Free or fixed pile-head boundary conditions are also available to users.

Features:

• This software is built-in typical soft clay stiff clay and sand p-y curves.
• It has custom p-y curves which are defined by JavaScript or pricewise lines.
• Multi-layered soil considered in it.
• P multiplier is used to reduce p value in p-y curves.
• There are both Common pile cross sections and Custom cross sections.
• Pile El Multiplier is used to increase or reduce pile bending stiffness.

• Free and fixed pile head boundary conditions are used.
• Lateral force and pile head moment combinations are also used.
• Different results output like deflection, moment, shear force and rotation angle can come as excel xlsx file. 
• Soil profile graph is ready to be exported and used in report.

Source www.cesdb.com

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Different components of super structure

Superstructure stands for segments of the structure that is situated over the surface of the ground. The superstructure is built with different sections of walls, roof, doors, and windows, flooring. The sections of the structure situated on the grounds and underneath the ground floor level are known as the plinth.

The objective of superstructure is to bear different types of loads operating on the structure which range from dead load, live, load, wind load etc. These loads are then transferred to the underlying soil through the substructure.

Each element of superstructure is applied as a specific purpose, but the prime function is to arrange privacy, safety to the inhabitants. Wall and roof safeguards from the surrounding, doors permit entry and give safety, windows arrange requisite sunlight and fresh air and floor provides a leveled surface to live and protection from beneath.

Building superstructure

Column: A column in structural engineering stands for a vertical structural component that disperses the weight of the structure over to other structural components underneath , through compression.

Floor: A floor normally comprises of a support structure known as a sub-floor on top on which a floor cover is placed to arrange a walking surface.

Roof wall :

Flat – Should contain a slight slope for drainage

Shed – A single slope

Gable – Two slopes intersect at a ridge. Two walls expand up to the ridge.

Hip – Two gables, a pyramid is treated as a hip roof.

Gambrel – Four slopes in one direction, the usual barn roof.

Mansard – A four-sided gambrel-style hip roof formed with two slopes on each of its sides with the lower slope, perforated by dormer windows, at a steeper angle than the upper.

Beam: Beam stands for an inflexible structural member formed to bear and transmit transverse loads across space to supporting components.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Variations among Load bearing and framed structures

Superstructure is the section that situates over the ground. It comprises of walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows, lintels, staircases.

Types of super structures on the basis of load transmission

The super structures are categorized as follow :-

a. Load bearing structures
b. Framed structures

Load bearing structures:

Under this type of structure, the load on the structure is delivered in vertical direction through walls and then the wall transmits these loads and the self weight. These types of constructions are mostly found in residential buildings where the dimension of rooms is fewer. The residential buildings up to ground + 2 floors is constructed inexpensively with such structures.

Framed structures:

Under this type of structures, a frame work of columns and floors are constructed initially. Then the walls are erected to divide the living area.

The walls are dependent on self weight only. These types of structures are suitable when there are lots of stories in a building as well as when bigger areas should be covered free from walls.

Variations among load bearing and framed structures

Load bearing structure:

1. Construction cost is minimum
2. Best fit up to three stories
3. Walls are thicker and consequently floor area is curtailed.
4. Construction process is slow.
5. Once the construction is completed, it becomes difficult to modify the position of walls.

Frame structure:

1. The construction cost is higher
2. Ideal for different number of stories
3. Walls are thinner and as a result, more floor area can be utilized.
4. Rapid construction speed
5. If required, the location of wall may be modified.
6. Resistance to earthquake forces is good



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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