Basic variations among Shear Stress and Tensile Stress

Stress refers to a quantity that defines how much deforming force is employed per unit area of an object. Shear and tensile stress stands for several types of stress where the forces operate on an object in a various ways.

The major variation among shear stress and tensile stress is that tensile stress is produced when a deforming force is employed at right angles to a surface, while shear stress is produced when a deforming force is employed parallel to a surface.

Definition of Tensile Stress: Tensile stress occurs in a situation when a deforming force, operating perpendicular to the surface of the object pull on the object, trying to elongate it. In this context, tensile stress belongs to a type of normal stress produced by forces perpendicular to the surface of an object.

The other type of normal stress ranges from compressive stress, where a force operates perpendicular to a surface and push in on the surface, trying to curtail it.

Suppose, the force perpendicular to the surface is taken as F and the area of the surface is A, then tensile stress (σ) is measured as follow :-

Tensile strain (ϵ) belongs to the change in length () as a fraction of the original length (x0) :

A quantity known as young modulus (E) defines how comparatively difficult it is to expand a given material. This quantity is given as follow :-

E = stress / strain = σ / ϵ
Shear stress belongs to cases where the deforming force remains parallel to a surface.

The shear stress is again identified as the ratio of the force to the area:

The variation among tensile stress and shear stress occurs in the directions of forces.

The shear strain is provided as follow :

The shear modulus is a quantity that defines how difficult it is for a material to be deformed through a shear stress. The shear modulus for a material is identified as:

Given below, common differences among Shear Stress and Tensile Stress

Direction of Forces: Forces which produce tensile stress remain at right angles to a surface. Forces which produce shear stress function parallel to a surface.

Deformation of the Object: Due to tensile stress, the objects are elongated. Due to shear stress, the one surface of an object is dislocated relating to the surface opposite to it.

Relative Strengths: Solid materials deform quickly under shear stress than under tensile stress. 

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Details of Punching Shear in slabs and foundations

Definition of Punching Shear?
The punching shear refers to a failure system that occurs in structural members like slabs and foundation with presence of shear under the action of concentrated loads.

The action of concentrated loads remains on a minor area in the structural members. Normally, this reaction is the one from the column that behaves against the slab.

The punching shear failure mechanism can be applied in normal floor slabs, flat slabs, and in the foundation slabs underneath the column.

Punching Shear in Reinforced Concrete Slabs: The Punching shear in reinforced concrete slabs is treated as a 2D analog of the shear detected in beams. Due to unforeseen crack, this type of failure happens. It becomes difficult to control this crack by making use of main reinforcement.

Therefore, the ultimate load capacity of the structure is decreased underneath the flexural capacity with the action of shear. The punching shear is not so important with regards to beam shear.

In slabs, the punching shear happens if there are high values of concentrated loads for slabs. These load ranges from the wheel loads on the bridge slabs or the loads from over floors on the columns that support the slab floors.

Calculations in Punching Shear: If it is required to compute punching shear for the design, it is dependent on the punching shear force that is punching against the density of the slab or foundation. It can occur only if shear remains separately in the system. It becomes impossible, if any form of moment is in the pedestal or the column.

The Maximum Punching Shear Stress is obtained on the basis of the punching shear failure cone and the applied values of shear and moments. The ‘d’ denotes the effective depth of the slab. The punching shear perimeter is developed at a gapping of d/2 from the edges of the column or the pedestal. In the example given in fig 1, Dped stands for the depth of the pedestal.

1. Proper examinations should be done to ensure that the concrete is very durable.
2. If there is not sufficient strength for the concrete, verify whether the amount of supplied reinforcement is proper.
3. If it is improper, it will be better to adjust the form of the structure.

The form of the structure can be adjusted in the following ways:

1. Raise the depth of the slab
2. Expand the column size
3. Assimilation of drop panels
4. Creation of Flared column heads
5. Other foreign codes are recommended to practice other liberal designs

Different failure zones are described in the example given in figure-2 that is based together with the area where the reinforcement should be arranged. Normally vertical and traverse failure lines can be provided. It becomes difficult to identify where the failure can take place. Therefore, each prospective failure plane should have been reinforced.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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