In high-rise building projects, the construction materials significantly contribute to find out the value of a project, the profit and loss of the project, even in the acceleration of the project's time.
Concrete is the prime material that is frequently utilized in multilevel projects as it is user-friendly, strong, and cost-effective.
The concrete that is utilized recurrently wasted in the process because of several errors in the execution of casting. The factors that influence the wasting of The ready mix concrete is wasted due to several factors like miscalculations / calculations in the job site, impaired equipment, awful weather, as well as inaccurate application processes.
Given below, some useful guidelines to utilize the remaining concrete casting structures so that the expenditure of a project is reduced significantly.
Utilized as a practical column or precast lintel beam.
In some big projects, practical columns or lintel beams on the wall installation work already apply precast methods. Generally, the concrete applied is instant concrete with K-225 or K-250. It is suggested that the residual structural casting concrete should be employed to minimize the waste of concrete and purchase instant concrete.
Utilized as Cansteen: Cansteen stands for edge of the pedestrian, the sidewalk, the separator, the edge of the road, the park, the boulevard, and so on. It acts as a booster for the road. Normally, cansteen is budgeted in BQ ordering finished products just by precast. The leftover structural casting concrete is utilized as a cansteen to reduce the budget.
Utilized as a Car Stoper: Car stopper belongs to the embankment in the safety parking area for providing to stop any car. Different types of materials like iron pipes, concrete and rubber are normally applied as car stopper.
Utilized as Paving Block: Paving blocks usually applied as outdoor parking areas, jogging tracks, parks, sidewalks, home yards and pedestrians are made precast with the rest of the concrete casting structure.
Some of the application of the remaining concrete casting structure which if employed can minimize project costs should be carefully examined and controlled effectively in the arrangement of the material as without that it will confine the project loading dock area that impacts the disruption of work execution.
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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Various types of surveying methods are used for conducting survey of irregular and large land tracts. Some methods are easily understandable and based on elementary geometry, others are complicated and may contain GPS and satellite imagery.
In this article, useful information is given on various options and technologies accessible to the surveyor.
The calculation should be done for Land for different purposes like prior to purchase, while performing stock taking, erecting a boundary wall, controversy with a neighbor over demarcation, etc. Making calculation for regular land area is simple since they contain mostly rectangle or other geometrical shapes. Recalling geometry studied in High School we can do the measurements and arrive at the results. But, the process becomes difficult for measurement, if the area of land is extremely irregularly shaped or large tracts of land are purchased like a farm measuring miles across.
In this article, you will be familiar with some self-reliant methods of calculating your land and some high technology solutions.
Given below, some useful methods for measuring the land with simple geometry, maps and planimeter, GPS, Aerial photography, Satellite imagery, Google earth, maps and graphs, measuring wheels.
Geometric Method: Under this method the odd shaped plot is surveyed and plotted over graph paper. The area of the plot is then subdivided into geometric figures and the areas of these figures are measured with formulae.
Initially, the greater size geomatric figure that can be perfectly drawn in the map is created and after that smaller shapes are produced unless the complete space is captured more or less.
Once the computation for areas of these figures is done, then these are added to determine the total area.
As for instance:
Area of Rectangle: Length x Breadth
Area of Square: Length x Length
Area of Triangle: 0.5 x Base x Height
Area of Trapezium: 0.5 x (Length 1 + Length 2) x Height
The above formulas are used to find out the exact area.
Planimeter on Map: Planimeter is a small gadget that is utilized for working out the areas of a graphically represented planar region. The planimeter can calculate all regular and irregular shapes. It is required to pivot it at any point and then run the end pin all over the perimeter of the area to be calculated. It contains a compliant linkage that facilitates it to move devoid of any effort in all directions.
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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Dewatering refers to a method that is applied to extract groundwater confined inside the soil of the construction site to make the foundation long-lasting.
Under this method, the water is released through storm drains, municipal sewer system and irrigation purposes.
The following methods are mostly used for dewatering :-
1. Open dewatering
2. Well point dewatering
3. Deep well dewatering
4. General sump pumping
Open dewatering system: It allows one to reduce the ground water table adequately in cohesive and low penetrable soils. Water is drained directly from sumps (ditches) along the toes of the slopes from the excavation works.
Well point dewatering system: It is performed by gravity or vacuum. This system allows one to reduce the ground water table adequately for deep and large construction. The water from high penetrable soils is drained from well points, set up along the trench of the site.
Deep well dewatering: This system allows one to reduce the groundwater table to substantial depth. A submersible pump is set up at the bottom of the well with casing containing a minimum 150 mm dia. The discharge pipes from the submersible pump of a number of adjoining wells are attached to a common delivery main. The water is uplifted from the well with the help of multi-staged pump.
General sump pumping: Sump pumps are suitable where excess water is drained from a specific area. They usually rest in a basin or sump that accumulates this excess water. This classification contains bilge and ballast pumps, centrifugal pumps, cantilever pumps, sewage pumps, submersible sump pumps and utility pumps.
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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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The dry volume of mortar is measured for determining the quantity of cement and sand for the formation of mortar for our masonry work.
In recent times, cement mortar is frequently utilized for different types of masonry work.
While making estimate of the volume of mortar for various types of masonry works, only the wet volume is obtained. In order to find out the necessary volume for cement and sand, the wet volume of mortar should be changed into the dry volume.
The Dry Volume of Mortar
The prime components of mortar are cement and sand.
The mortar is formed with the inclusion of water to the dry mix of cement-sand.
After adding the water to the dry mix of cement-sand, the volume of dry mix is decreased because of the existence of air voids in sand particles.
Since the volume of mortar is raised in dry conditions, it is required to multiply the wet volume with 1.30 to obtain the dry volume of mortar.
How to work out the volume of cement and sand in mortar.
Suppose, 10 cubic feet wet mortar is required and the proportion of cement and sand in the mortar is 1:4.
Given below, the detail process to work out the dry volume mortar and then sand and cement quantity for this 10 cubic feet mortar.
How to work out the dry volume of mortar
It is known that the dry volume of mortar is,
= Wet volume of mortar x 1.30
=10 x 1.30
=13.00 cubic feet.
The process for measuring cement and sand volume in mortar
The proportion of cement and sand in mortar is 1:4. It means one unit of cement will be blended with four units of sand.
Total units of elements in mortar are 1+4=5.
Therefore, the necessary volume of sand for the projected mortar quantity is,
= (13.00 ÷ 5) × 4
= 10.40 cubic feet.
Categories of chains applied in surveying:
And necessary cement quantity is,
= (13.00 ÷5) x 1
= 2.60 cubic feet.
Conclusion: To measure the dry volume of mortar, it is required to calculate the wet volume of mortar for your work item and then multiply that wet volume by 1.30.
As soon as you obtain the required dry volume of mortar, then it is possible to compute the required cement and sand quantity for the mortar on the basis of the mix proportion.
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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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Surveying is the art to create horizontal measurements for finding out the relative position of several objects on the surface of the earth.
Objective of surveying - To work from the whole to the part, To determine the new station by minimum two methods
Categorization of surveying:
1. Geodetic surveying: It is also known as trigonometrically surveying. In this type of surveying, the curvature of the earth is taken into consideration. It handles long distance and large area. The joining line in earth is curved and develops arc of a two point great circle.
2. Plane surveying: Plane surveying handles small area and short distances. The curvature is the earth and it is not taken into consideration. The line that is attached in two points in earth surface is considered as a straight line. Geodetic surveying is more accurate with regard to plane surveying.
Classification of surveying on the basis of instruments applied:
a. Chain survey
b. Compass survey
c. Theodolite survey
d. Plane table survey
e. Tachometric survey
f. Photographic survey
g. Aerial survey
Categorization of scales:
a. Plain scales
b. Diagonal scale
c. Comparative scale
d. Vernier scale
Well conditioned triangle: It is described as there is no include angle is under 30 and more than 120. Equilateral triangle is the superior conditioned triangle.
Jargon in chain surveying:
a. Survey station
b. Base line
c. Chain line
d. Tie line
e. Offsets
Categories of chains applied in surveying:
a. Metric chain
b. Non metric chain
c. Gunter’s chain
d. Engineers chain
e. Revenue chain
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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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While going to estimate the cost of new concrete, different types of variables should be taken into consideration which range from surface prep, formwork, reinforcing materials, and finish work, as well as the cost of the ready-mix concrete.
It will compute the total price of the job. Costs for certain items will differ from location to location or from site to site, but a rough estimate can be obtained with some averaged amounts.
Cost Per Yard of Ready-Mix Concrete: The most vital item should be the price of concrete, whether ready-mix concrete or other concrete material is applied. As soon as the project specifications and job location are defined, get quotes from local ready-mix concrete suppliers.
Concrete pricing is generally quoted per cubic yard or cubic meter (metre). For an average estimating number, it is recommended to apply $77 per cubic yard.
Cost of Concrete Sub-Grade Work: When the concrete is placed over soil, it is required to grade or arrange the surface for the concrete. Pricing for this can contain expenses associated with grading, compacting soil, excavating, trenching, and other components.
As a perfect average, one can apply $65 per hour of work to set up the surface, provided that the surface is in excess of 75 percent leveled and no special work is required to set up the site.
Costs for Extra Sub-Grade or Site Work: When the surface is not leveled, it is required to include expenses for more site work, like excavating and filling with proper material or eliminating a soft spot on the terrain to prepare it for bearing structural loads.
Based on the distance from where the sand or any other suitable fill material will be arranged, it could include over $10 per cubic yard or meter to your estimate. The cost might be incurred for setting up polyurethane plastic or vapor barrier prior to set the concrete.
Cost of Concrete Formwork: Building concrete forms generally demonstrate a vital part of the total cost of concrete work, as it is one of the most labor-intensive features of the job. It is necessary to recognize the type of formwork to be applied, method of installation, and whether you will purchase or rent the form materials. Other related costs may involve a crane or other equipment applied to move the form materials, form release product, re-using form materials, and the cost to repair forms after different applications.
Usually, the cost of the formwork is $1.10 per square foot of the concrete area. This estimate is prepared for a square or rectangular area. The cost of formwork is increased for rounded or contoured concrete.
Cost to Finish Concrete: Concrete prices mainly differ on the basis of the type of finishing provided in the design. Concrete gets finished in various ways like smooth surface, exposed aggregate surface, or stamped concrete finish. Some surfaces need only a strike-off and screed to suitable contour and elevation, while for others surfaces, a broomed, floated, or troweled finish should be provided. To work out finishing in your concrete pricing analysis, you can include $0.75 per square foot or perhaps more, based on the complication of the specified finish. The cost of any curing compound or testing services should also be taken into consideration.
Cost of Concrete Reinforcement: Most concrete comprises of some type of reinforcement, like rebar, wire mesh, plastic mesh, or fiber which should be added to the concrete mix to raise the strength and crack-resistance. Standard reinforcing materials can include roughly $0.18 cents per square foot. This number is higher for large-diameter rebar or other special reinforcement.
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www.constructioncost.co
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Concrete driveway construction is more beneficial as compared to conventional driveway construction methods. The concrete driveway is long-lasting.
Given below, the pros and cons of concrete driveway construction.
Benefits of Concrete Driveway Construction - The prime benefits of concrete driveway construction are as follow:
1. Quality Construction
2. Stability
3. Extreme Flexibility
4. Less Maintenance
5. Costs
6. Diverse range of options
1. Quality Construction: The concrete as a driveway material improves the quality of appearance. It offers a clean and professional view.
2. Stability: A concrete driveway that is efficiently constructed and properly preserved can endure for prolonged times. As a robust structural material, concrete can bear heavy traffic loads, corrosion and even other atmospheric vulnerabilities. To ensure long-lasting integrity, the perfect plan should be made for the formation of concrete in terms of mix design and construction joints that is based on the conditions of the site.
3. Offers Extreme Flexibility: The concrete driveways are suitable for different types of landscaping designs, or building layouts. It is recognized for both residential and traffic use.
The use of concrete driveway only improves the beauty of the property. The flexibility is sustained in respect of concrete driveway installation and the design variety it provides.
4. Less Maintenance: Due to extreme stability of concrete driveway, the maintenance work is minimized significantly. Like other pavement options, various problems like weeds, paver shifting etc are not found in concrete driveways. There is little or zero maintenance for concrete driveway.
If any stain is found over the concrete, it can be easily eliminated. It is just necessary to cleanse the surface annually with the use of proper stain cleaner.
The sealants can also be applied in concrete driveway construction to safeguard the surface from stains and other damages.
5. Costs: Here the cost is associated with construction cost and maintenance cost. The initial cost of concrete driveway construction is cheap but it is adjusted with the zero-maintenance cost it offers.
A good concrete driveway constructed can sustain for 20 to 25 years with zero maintenance that yields huge savings in cost in due course of time.
6. Variety of Options: The concrete driveway construction comes with various types of design options. Either a slab look, or paver look (stamped concrete), or polished look (Polished concrete) can be arranged on the basis of the requirement.
Drawbacks of Concrete Driveway Construction - The following drawbacks are found in concrete driveway construction:
1. The application of polished or stamped concrete driveway construction is little bit expensive with regard to the normal concrete driveway construction. To maintain the longevity, special maintenance are essential for these types.
2. It is required to appoint professionals and skilled labors for pouring concrete to driveway construction. The process becomes very complicated when executed as a DIY project.
3. It is suggested to utilize sealants for annual Maintenance so that the concrete driveway slabs last for a long time.
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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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