Pouring Concrete on Sloped Surfaces

Pouring concrete on a sloped surface needs superb aptitudes and experience to play out the work as arranged. Generally, low droop concrete is utilized for sloped concrete individuals, carports, and wheelchair inclines.

The situation of low droop concrete in its last position and compaction requires incredible alert, understanding, and legitimate cementing strategies. That is the reason all the fundamental planning ought to be made before the beginning of pouring.

How to Pour Concrete on a Sloped Surface?

Get the formwork ready and check their levels appropriately. Before cementing starts, perform essential checks for fortifications, formworks, and some other installation objects. For concrete garage and wheelchair slopes, ensure that the territory is level, structures are firm and liberated from soil and garbage.

Request low droop concrete to keep away from downhill drooping of concrete along the incline. Low droop concrete has an amazing opportunity to stay at its position and take compaction appropriately. Concrete with low droop has a little extent of water.

Low droop concrete is wanted from an auxiliary perspective, yet its situation and compaction need impressive work and vitality. The droop esteem speaks to the consistency or the usefulness of concrete blend. Droop test might be directed on concrete upon its appearance to the building site to check its reasonableness for the undertaking viable.



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Steel Pile Foundations

Precast piles and driven cast in piles utilize steel pipes. On account of precast or completely performed piles, there are two groupings, for example, empty little removal piles and solid piles. The empty little relocation piles utilize steel pipes when steel pile foundation is recommended. With regards to solid piles, steel H-piles are utilized.

On account of driven cast set up piles the fundamental arrangement is solid cylinder steel tube. If there should arise an occurrence of steel tubes, we utilize closed ended cylinder and open-ended cylinders.

Usually utilized steel piles are moved steel H area piles or pipe piles. The pipe piles have either an open or a closed end that is driven into the ground. I-segment or wide rib piles can likewise be utilized as pile foundation.

The H-sections are favored progressively over I-sections, as the H-segment has the same thickness for the web and the spine. On account of the I area, the thickness of the web is less contrasted with its spine thickness.

In the event that Q is the permissible auxiliary limit, A being the cross – sectional territory of the steel and the suitable worry of the steel given by fs, then:

Qall = A x fs

During the geotechnical examination the plan quality is resolved as Qdesign and this must be inside the Qall.

Types of Steel Pile Foundations

By and large, the steel piles can be sorted into the following categories: Screw Piles, Circle Piles, H-piles



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China Starts Building the World's Largest Soccer Stadium

The proprietor of an expert Chinese soccer group has commenced the construction of a $1.7 billion soccer stadium. When finished in 2022, this will be the biggest soccer-explicit stadium on the planet so far. Isn’t that exciting!

Guangzhou Evergrande, an individual from the Chinese Football Association's Chinese Super League, kicked things off a week ago on the lotus-formed stadium that will incorporate 100,000 seats and 162 VIP boxes. Guangzhou is known as China's 'Bloom City' which is the motivation behind the scene's intricate orange petal-like exterior.​ 

Development deal with the undertaking started not long after China lifted social separating limitations so as to meet the 2022 fulfillment date, as the stadium is proposed to have occasions for the 2023 Asian Cup. 

Evergrande Group, the biggest land organization in China and the proprietor of Guangzhou Evergrande, declared that notwithstanding the Flower City stadium, it would fabricate two extra stadiums with limits of 80,000 somewhere else in the nation, as indicated by ESPN. Eight unique structures for the stadium were submitted, including some from the United States, before Evergrande chose Shanghai-based engineer Hasan Syed. 

Many Major League Soccer (MLS) stadiums in the U.S. are additionally NFL stadiums. The biggest home to an ace soccer group in the states is the Atlanta United FC's Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, which is likewise home to the NFL's Atlanta Falcons, and has a greatest limit of 71,000. 

The two generally costly, most prominent stadiums in the U.S. are right now under development. SoFi Stadium in Los Angeles — ​ with an occasion extended limit that can arrive at 100,240, and an ordinary limit of 70,240 — ​ and Allegiant Stadium in Las Vegas — which can grow from 65,000 to 72,000 seats, will be two of the biggest stadiums in the nation. Camp Nou in Barcelona, the current biggest soccer-just stadium on the planet by limit, was done in 1957 and can hold 99,354 individuals. 



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Water Cement Ratio in Mix - W/C Ratio Calculation

Have you been told "Include some water, the concrete looks exceptionally hard"? Is this right? Including more (Water Cement Ratio) at the site level to expand the concrete functionality? In no way, shape or form.

Water Cement Ratio implies the ratio between the weight of water to the weight of cement utilized in concrete mix. Typically water cement ratio falls under 0.4 to 0.6 according to IS Code 10262 (2009) for ostensible mix (M10, M15 ... M25)

We as a whole realize that the water cement ratio will straightforwardly influence the quality of concrete. It is possible that it expands the quality whenever utilized to the right extent or lessens it. In any case, have you ever considered why we are utilizing water on the off chance that it has so much trouble?

Role of Water in Concrete

Concrete is a macro content. It contains micro fixings, for example, cement, sand, fine total and Coarse total. So as to secure high quality concrete which withstands up to our ideal compressive quality, We need the right extent of admixture to consolidate these materials.

Here comes the Water which will start this substance procedure by including 23%-25% of the cement volume. This starts the substance procedure and makes 15% of water cement glue otherwise called a gel to fill the voids in the concrete.

Impacts of an excess of water in concrete

As expressed above we need 23% of water to start the substance procedure on cement. Including more water than this permissible Water cement breaking point will really influence the quality. In the event that we continue adding water to build the functionality, at that point the concrete has bunches of liquid materials where the totals will settle down.

When the water vanishes it leaves heaps of voids in concrete which influences the concrete quality.

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Fly Ash in Concrete

Fly ash is a standout amongst other pozzolanic admixtures. Pozzolanic admixtures or mineral admixtures are those materials which in itself don't have any cementitious characteristics however show cementitious properties in their finely separated structure when joined with lime, for example Calcium Hydroxide (Ca (OH)2) with dampness. They synthetically respond with Calcium Hydroxide at room temperature to frame cementitious mixes.

Fly ash, otherwise called pummeled fuel ash, is one such fake pozzolanic material. Fly ash is finely separated formless alumino-silicate powder, which is delivered in powdered coal consuming force plants.

It has practically next to zero cementitious properties yet gets receptive in nearness of lime. Fly ash produces gel (calcium-silicate hydrates (C-S-H)), which makes fly ash concrete thick, gives quality and decreases the penetrability. Consequently, it upgrades the solidness properties of concrete.

What is Fly Ash Exactly?

Fly ash is one of the deposits created during ignition of pounded coal in warm force plants and contains the fine particles that ascend with the gases. Fly ash for the most part contains silica (SiO2), calcium oxide (CaO), alumina oxide (Al2O3) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). Its parts differ contingent on the kind of coal consumed.

Fly ash is delivered by quick cooling and cementing of molten ash; consequently a huge bit of fly ash particles are in the shapeless state. Fly ash particles are commonly round with breadth running from under 1 µm to 150 µm while the particles of cement are littler than 45 µm. The circular structure and size of the molecule expands the flowability and diminishes the water request in concrete blend.

In what capacity can Fly Ash Affect the Environment just as Technology?

India alone creates in excess of 100 million tons of fly ash each year. Fly ash makes a terrible effect on nature and human wellbeing. Its removal is a major concern. Scarcely any Years prior, fly ash was regularly discharged into the air causing air contamination.

These days the fly ash is gathered in contamination control gear like electrostatic precipitator before the gases are discharged into the air, subsequently decreasing air contamination.

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Plum Concrete - Definition, Uses and Advantages

Concrete is a blend of water, sand, aggregate and cement which shapes a stone-like mass on setting. Today, we will discuss a unique kind of concrete called "Palm Concrete". Peruse on for the subtleties.

The word Concrete is derived from the Latin word "concretus", signifying "to become together". Concrete is an organization of coarse granular material (the aggregate or filler) inserted in a hard lattice of material (the cement or binder) that occupies the space between the aggregate particles and pastes them together.

Contingent upon the sort of filler and binder utilized, concrete is named in a manner like Plum concrete, Rice body concrete, fly debris concrete and so on. In this article, let us talk about what a plum concrete is and how Plum is utilized as a filler material in plum concrete.

Plum concrete is framed by the consideration of medium to enormous stones of size up to 300mm or considerably bigger as filler. It is utilized to build the obvious yield of concrete for a given measure of cement for example to abstain from utilizing abundance measures of cement without settling on the quality.

The enormous stones utilized are known as plums. These plums are utilized really taking the shape of mass concrete. Notwithstanding, the volume of plums ought not surpass 30% – 40% of the all out volume of the completed concrete.

Plum concrete is additionally alluded to as Rubble concrete or Cyclopean Concrete. The Plum ought not be bigger than 33% or the cross-segment of the concrete blender.

How Plum Concrete Differs from Plain Concrete

Plain cement concrete is the least difficult type of concrete. It is made by blending fundamental fixings, for example, cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates. While plum concrete is the kind of concrete where medium to enormous stones are utilized as filler material instead of aggregates.

Thus the main contrast between plain cement concrete and plum concrete is the expansion of the enormous stones in the concrete blend. It goes about as a filler material lessening the amount of little size aggregates which are commonly costly. In this way, it helps in chopping down the expense of concrete.

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Dust and Debris Affecting Healthcare Construction: Preventive Guide Released

One of the several healthcare providers for construction workers, the University of Virginia Health System, has released an outline for infection control policies and procedures on Friday. This was done as an effort to minimize the impact of construction project environments on the health of the building workers present on site most of the time. 

This system of strict health observation required training and following guidelines to a dot. These guidelines are to be followed by the workers on the field during the construction process. The strictness and methods in the guide may vary depending upon the risk level of the construction worker doing a specific job.

The gist of the guidelines are counted out as follows.

1. Use negative pressure systems monitored with a continuous-read negative air pressure monitor, smoke test with daily log or handheld manometer with daily log.
2. Wait for patients to be removed before work begins in certain areas.
3. Replace displaced ceiling tiles.
4. Cleanup after work is complete by either wiping down the area or by using a HEPA ​(high-efficiency particulate air) vacuum.
5. Use approved ICRA (Infection Control Risk Assessment) containment barriers.
6. Control dust while cutting using water mist, a HEPA vacuum or other effective measures.
7. Seal unused doors with painters' tape.
8. Use dust control mats and all points of access.
9. Transport construction waste out of the work area using clean containers with hard covers.
10. Isolate the HVAC system in areas where work is going on to prevent contamination of the ducts system.

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Concrete Bonding Agent : Functions and Usage

Today, we will talk about Bonding Agents for Concrete. We will discuss their types, characteristics & procedures to apply the bonding agents. This definitive guide is too long to be written in one page, so we have divided it into four separate issues. This is the first part of the 4-part article on concrete bonding agents.

Concrete is one of the most generally utilized and adaptable structure materials known to man. Concrete is likewise among the most well-known counterfeit materials on the planet. People utilize billions of huge amounts of concrete each year for raising different structures. The historical backdrop of concrete goes long back. It is clear that it has been being used since old Rome.

A great deal of alterations were made from that point forward. Indeed, with the improvement of science and innovation, structural building gained an equal ground. Furthermore, today with enormous endeavors and investigations, concrete has advanced toward being a vital part in development.

In order to place it in straightforward words – Concrete is a structure material produced using concrete, totals (rock and sand), water, and admixtures (synthetic concoctions that upgrade or change the properties of concrete). Presently, there is part of development synthetic compounds utilized in development.

The development of synthetic compounds industry has an assortment of items, going from concrete admixtures to sealants, grouts, bonding agents and waterproofing synthetic substances. These synthetic substances have a broad utilization in the development business. Such development synthetic substances can expand the strength of concrete or when utilized with various stages and mixes and, in various amounts, numerous different restrictions can be defeated because of them.



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Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a lightweight precast concrete structure material. It is made out of quartz sand, calcined gypsum, lime cement, water and aluminum powder. Aluminum powder is utilized at a pace of 0.05%–0.08% by volume (contingent upon the predetermined thickness).

AAC items are utilized under warmth and weight in an autoclave. The different types of AAC are blocks, divider panels, floor and rooftop panels, cladding panels and lintels. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) blocks are utilized on both inside and outside development works.

AAC blocks give the structure imperviousness to fire and insulation. ACC materials are standard apparatuses to slice and molded to be used. It strongly suggested thermally protecting material for both inside and outside.

Points of interest of AAC:

1. The most significant bit of leeway of AAC is its lower natural effect.
2. Improved warm proficiency decreases the warming and cooling load in structures.

3. Magnificent soundproofing material and acoustic protector.
4. Exceptionally fire and termite-safe.
5. Produced in an assortment of structures and sizes.
6. Decreases venture cost.
7. AAC ingests dampness from air and discharges moistness.
8. Establishment of electrical and plumbing lines are simple.
9. Postage is increasingly affordable.
10. AAC is a sturdy material.

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Twin Hospitals Built in 4 Weeks in Georgia out of Shipping Containers

China had built a speciality hospital in 10 days, and the brits did it in two weeks. It seems, America is not far behind either. And they took an ingenious approach to build the hospital.

There is a coronavirus hotspot in Albany, Georgia in the united States. And they needed a speciality hospital for the hordes of COVID-19 patients and they needed it fast. So, the Georgia Emergency Management and Homeland Security Agency (GEMA) was the first to reach out to BMarko Structures about the hospital design. 

Antony Kountouris, CEO, BMarko Structures, started his company almost six years ago. He believes the off-site modular construction would eventually dominate the industry. “With modular construction, you're able to do work in conjunction with your peers and your coatings while you're building the box for delivery to the site,” he said.

And in the case of this 4-week-deadline hospital building, Kountouris was able to deliver a plan within days of asking, using a special strategy: shipping containers! Shipping containers are plentiful, affordable, and useful. With 14-ga. walls that are 2 mm thick, the containers provided a solid option for a company looking for quick construction that could deliver on functionality. Over the years the container method of construction proved itself worthwhile. 

Kountouris recognized that the shipping containers might be a good way to deliver much-needed medical space to communities seeing their hospitals overrun with COVID-19 cases. “The containers made sense for the COVID-19 response,” said Kountouris, ensuring that they were immediately available for construction. He added, “The containers are ready-made. You have to build them up, but you don’t have to start from the ground up like you would with a steel or wood module.”

The goal was quite daunting. Each hospital comprises 21 containers, which has 24 patient rooms and auxiliary rooms dedicated to oxygen management; electrical distribution; data management; air exchange; and vacuum functions, which are necessary for each of the 24 head walls that are a part of the patient rooms.

However, at first Kountouris asked for eight weeks of time for a hospital. When GEMA told him they can give him four weeks only for two facilities, it pretty much quadrupled his work. Unfazed, he replied, “I guess I’ll need more space and more people, but I’ll find them.”



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UHPC - Ultra High Performance Concrete

The Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is characterized as concrete that has a base determined compressive strength of 150 MPa with indicated solidness elastic malleability and tough­ness prerequisites; fibers are commonly included to accomplish indicated necessities. This is according to ACI 239R-18.

Generally, the UHPC comprises concrete, silica smolder, fine quartz sand, high range water decreasing admixtures, steel fibers, and low water to cementitious materials running from 0.15 to 0.25. It is conceivable to utilize a diverse blend with various constituent materials, for example, coarse total and strengthening materials to improve a particular property of concrete.

The mechanical properties of UHPC incorporate compressive strength higher than 150 MPa, and supported post splitting elasticity more prominent than 5 MPa. Ultra-high-performance concrete solidness is impressively better than that of standard concrete since its pores are irregular, which decreases fluid infiltration.

That is the reason this sort of concrete is utilized in various structural building structures, for example, highway foundation applications and basic recovery to address a portion of the primary plan, administration life, and life cycle costing issues identified with the utilization of concrete.



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Recent Study Says Residential Construction Markets Tumble Due to Covid-19

As per the most recent research, Lisbon, Monaco, Vienna and Shanghai are the main four worldwide prime private markets set to see value development all through the rest of 2020. As the effect of Covid-19 negatively affects luxury private property showcases around the globe, the prime private property market of Mumbai is required to see a value fall of 5% in the year 2020. For the year 2021, Mumbai's prime private market is relied upon to observe a value decrease of 3%. 

Examination of 20 urban areas comprehensively features the heading of movement at prime private costs in 2020 and 2021 dependent on projections for request and gracefully, the effect of Covid-19 in the various markets and the differing government boost estimates declared. The size of worldwide financial vulnerability is remarkable and thus putting an accurate figure on conjectures is testing. 

Thus, the researchers has set the 20 urban areas examined into four value groups including markets that will see: solid value development (+5% or progressively), low value development (0% to 5%), level or low value falls (0% to - 5%) and solid value falls (- 5% or more). 



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Bridge Piers: Types and Requirements

Hello, folks! Today, we will talk about bridge piers. This is a two-part article, and it's the first part. You will find the second part here.

Any bridge structure is a blend of two parts: substructure and superstructure. For bridges with bearings, all the segments which move the loads from bearing to the ground is called substructure.

Substructure comprises bridge pier, projections, wing dividers, piles and so on while the superstructure comprises deck, supports or any part on which the traffic moves securely, for example, street way, braces, curves, and so on. In this article we attempt to talk about the piers, its capacity and its sorts.

Bridge Pier bolster the ranges of the bridge and move the loads from superstructure to the establishment. Piers ought to be sufficiently able to take the both vertical and even load. Its principle work is to move the load from the bridge superstructure establishment underneath it.

They are exposed to immense hub loads and bi-hub minutes and shear powers transverse and longitudinal. Said that, piers are typically pressure components of a bridge. Piers are alluded to as Bents as well.



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What is Chain Surveying (Principles, Procedure, Method, Instrument)

Among the different strategies for surveying, the usually utilized strategy is called chain surveying. For less exact works chain is utilized while, for progressively exact and exact work different kinds of surveys are utilized.

Standards of Chain Surveying: The rule of chain surveying is to give a skeleton structure of straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are pre-decided either with a chain or a surveying tape.

The structure should generally comprise triangles. For instance, if all the four sides of the figure "ABCD" are known, the figure can't be plotted except if we know in any event the extent of one point.

Yet, on the off chance that we isolate the consideration along with two triangles by an inclining AC or BD whose length has recently been resolved, the plotting is conceivable because of the development of triangles of known sides. Or then again as such, if the lengths AB, BC, CD, DA, and BD are known, the quadrilateral ABCD can be plotted without knowing any edge.

BaseLine: The longest chain line in chain surveying is frequently called the BaseLine. It is the most Important line, repairs the headings of every single other line. Since the precision of the entire survey work relies on the exactness of the gauge, it ought to be laid off on the ground level however much as could reasonably be expected. Gauge should go through the focal point of the zone. It is estimated precisely, and all the fundamental redresses are applied.

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Anti-seismic Construction: Top 5 Earthquake Resistant Structures in the World

The numero uno enemy of the construction industry is earthquakes. Seismic activities can demolish years of hard work in a deadly minute. That is why building earthquake resistant structures is so important.

Constructing aseismic buildings is vital for areas where seismic activity is high but you have to build there anyway. It is also mandatory for tall structures, because a slight vibration in the soil may sway the top violently.

Understanding Earthquakes in Construction Industry

Knowing why seismic activities occur and how can they hurt a building is integral to building earthquake resistant structures. Let us look into it in brief below.

How does an earthquake happen

The old saying goes, “know thy enemy.” And so, every civil engineer worth his salt must learn about the reason behind seismic activities. This will help them immensely in building earthquake resistant structures.

The crust of our planet is divided into several “plates”. These are called tectonic plates and they float around. This process is so slow that we can’t feel it. However, the problem occurs when one of these plates touches another.

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Types and Design of Staircases

RCC Structures are only strengthened solid structures. RCC structure is made out of building parts, for example, Footings, Columns, Beams, Slabs, Staircase and so forth. These parts are fortified with steel that offer security to the structure.

Staircase is one such significant segment in a RCC structure. In this article, we will talk about various kinds of staircases and study the dog-legged strengthened concrete solid staircase structure.

About Stairs: Stairs consist of steps orchestrated in an arrangement for motivation behind offering access to various floors of a structure. Since a stair is regularly the main method for correspondence between the different floors of a structure, the area of the stair requires great and cautious thought.

In a private house, the staircase might be given close to the fundamental passage. In an open structure, the stairs must be from the primary passageway itself and found midway, to give fast availability to the vital condos.

All staircases ought to be enough lit and appropriately ventilated.



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Earthquake Prevention in Construction Industry of India

Earthquakes are among the most devastating of nature’s curses, more scary than anything else because you almost never see it coming. Any country that goes through frequent quakes tries hard to find the solution. India is no exception either. Today, we will look into what is the situation about earthquake prevention in India.

Sitting right on top of one of the major fault lines in the world, the indian subcontinent suffers some of the greatest earthquakes. Those devastating seismic activities in the last century have motivated us to look into scientific solutions to earthquakes. This led to the creation of the first building codes specifically for earthquake resistant housing, in 1935, which were compounded with strengthening guides in 1941.

The Seismic Hazard

Most of the matter inside Earth is molten rock. Lava, that is. This molten sea has currents in it like the sea above, only slower, but just as sure. The hard crust of the earth floats on top of this lava ball. And the plates of the crust move with the lava flow underneath.

The problem is that this movement is not uniform across the world. Some plates move faster in one place and slower in another side. This causes friction and collision between plates. Indeed, one such monstrous collision is what gave birth to the Himalayas. Which incredibly is still going on.

And these frictions are exactly what causes the earthquakes.

As I said above, the worst thing about earthquakes is their unpredictability. We know the geological fault lines, yes, but we have woefully few data about the movement along the lines. So, we get to make next to no prediction about seismic activity, and their magnitude. 

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How to Pour Concrete on Slab on Grade (SOG)

Reason and extension: The reason for this strategy proclamation is to clarify the best possible technique on the best way to get ready and cast piece on grade 1 or any level component or part including obsession of steel support, MEP embedment, fixing of shade and so forth without wounds.

After refilling works the following is throwing chunks on grade (ground), ensuring that all the zones underneath grade pieces have been appropriately inlaid and compacted.

Endorsement must be gotten from the Engineer for waterproofing and inlaying works preceding beginning chunk on grade throwing.

Here is the technique articulation of Slab on Grade planning and concrete pouring. The purpose for this strategic statement is to clarify the best possible technique on the best way to get ready and cast section on grade 1 or any flat component or part including obsession of steel support, MEP embedment, fixing of screen and so forth without wounds.

Materials and References:

1. C40/20 Concrete Grade with added substances
2. Twisted bars or A393 BRC work
3. Affirmed drawing

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Ideas to increase Durability and Quality for Brick Masonry

Brick Masonry is used in most construction projects, in one place or other. In many of the places it is a significant portion of the structure - often weight bearing. For this reason, it is imperative that the quality of the brick masonry remains top notch. Special care has to be taken to ascertain high durability and quality of it.

Here we list 5 key ideas about how you can increase the durability and quality of brick masonry.

1. Good Materials

To make something good, you must use top quality raw materials. It is imperative to use good quality bricks to construct good brick masonry. Use only hard, sound, well burnt and uncracked bricks. They should all have uniform color and shape. They should not have air holes or bubbles, stone lumps, and other deformities. Soak the bricks for two hours before using.



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How to make Salt Finish Concrete Surface

Salt Finish Concrete Surface is used in pavements, driveways and courtyards, creating a subtly rough texture to plain concrete. It effectively offers great skid resistance that lasts a very long time. It is also aesthetically more pleasant than simple or colored concrete, or broom finish concrete.

Coarse rock salt crystals are spread over the soft concrete and then inserted by using a roller on them. Afterwards, when the concrete is set, it is washed with clean water. This ensures good skid resistance and a nice subtle texture.

Let us now see the steps to make salt finish concrete surface.

Step 1. Prepare the subgrade

The subgrade has to be prepared properly if you want to have a good salt finish concrete surface. This helps you achieve uniform slab thickness, provide necessary support for the loads on the surface, and prevent cracks in the concrete.

Step 2. Place the framework and reinforcements

Provide a framework on both sides of the path to hold the concrete in one place. If the area is too large, you may want to use multiple frameworks. This should be at the same depth as the concrete. This will not only keep the soft concrete in place but also give it any 2D shape you desire.



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Electric Arc Welding

The electric arc welding process utilizes an electric arc to produce warmth to dissolve the parent material and the filler material (cathode) to frame a liquid weld pool in the joint. The electric arc welding strategy is favored over different techniques because of its reasonableness.

The most normally utilized affixing techniques for joining steel members of a steel structure are welding, riveting, and catapulting. While riveting and shooting use bolts and rushes to join the workpieces, welding depends on liquefying the workpieces to meld it.

In this article, we talk about the technique of laying, creating, welding, amassing, and erection of steel structure by electric arc welding strategy.

1. Spreading Out Steel Members: A figure of the steel structure to be created will be drawn on a level stage to full scale. This might be done in full or in parts, as appeared in drawings or per the site condition. Steel tape will be utilized for estimations of the steel members.

2. Creation of Steel Members: In all steelworks, shop drawings will give total subtleties for the creation of the steel part, including the area, type, length, size, and subtleties of welds. Additionally, the part will be set up preceding the genuine manufacture.

The steel members will be stamped or painted with the distinguishing proof checks as given in the shop drawings. Crafted by creation will be completed with extraordinary exactness so that these can be gathered without being unduly pressed, constrained into position, or stressed.

At the point when developed, the members will be valid and liberated from wind, crimps, clasps, or open joints. The layouts will at that point be set apart on the steel members, and spots of welding will be shown on them.


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How to Create Templates in AutoCAD

Arguably the most famous and the most commonly used 3D modeling software ever, we all know about AutoCAD. It is a computer aided design and drafting solution brought to you by Autodesk. Today, we will learn how to create templates in AutoCAD.

As a design engineer, you often need to do the same type of design over and over again, don’t you? Every time you start one of these projects, you have to build the same things up from scratch. This can get frustrating. So, what do you do? Do you just copy-paste your previous design and make changes in that?

That’s a bad idea. It's prone to errors and you might end up doing more work than before.

What would be better is to keep a handy “basic” drawing available that is common to all of these drafts you have to make. Then keep using this “format” every time you start a new drawing of that kind. 

What would be better is to keep a handy “basic” drawing available that is common to all of these drafts you have to make. Then keep using this “format” every time you start a new drawing of that kind. 

This is, basically, what templates are all about. Templates are “basic format” drawings which are saved in separate locations and are used as the starting skeleton for particular kinds of drawing. 
Templates in AutoCAD are one of such features which help us to reduce our work and to save time. Before starting a new design project we have to change many settings in the drawing page like units, sizes, dimension styles, layers, etc. It is not easy and practical to do the settings every time you start a new drawing.

There are many online construction templates available. But also, you can create a custom template in AutoCAD. You can define your own parameters in this template. They are saved with DWT file extension. When you use it to start a drafting project, then you can save it in standard AutoCAD DWG format.
Let us see how we can create templates in AutoCAD in eight simple steps. 



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Anti-Seismic Construction

"Earthquakes are possibly the worst nightmare of a civil engineer. In a deadly minute, lives and decades of work can get wiped out. But there are some buildings that can withstand earthquakes. In this issue, we will focus on what earthquakes do to a building, how to make it resistant to seismic waves, and how engineers around the world have erected some of the best quake-resistant structures."

Understanding Earthquakes in Construction Industry
Understanding Earthquakes in Construction Industry Knowing why seismic activities occur and how can they hurt a building is integral..




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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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MMRC and Chennai Metro Rail Projects in India Restart After Partial Lifting of Lockdown

After the partial lifting of restrictions on important construction work, construction work has resumed in two major metro rail projects in India. One of them is in Pune, developed by the MMRC (Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation). The other is in Chennai, by CMRL (Chennai Metro Rail Limited).

The MMRC project in Pune has been stalled for over a month, and they missed the target of covering the first five kilometers by the end of 2020. However, the MMRC started work in full vigour, with around 2000 labourers and support staff staying in camps around the site. Additionally, work on the part going over the river has also started.

The construction of the Pune Metro from PCMC to Swargate lines started in 2016 and was scheduled to finish by 2022. The work of 10 kilometers in line 1 (17 kms total) and line 2 (15 kms total) combined should have been finished in 2020. Those deadlines are going to be pushed back now.

Similarly, the metro rail construction work in Chennai has resumed after the green light from the government and civic body. This line is supposed to run from Chennai Central to Wimco Nagar, called the Phase-1 extension. The work here has been paused for nearly two months till now.



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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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European Standards for Aggregates: Chemical

The aggregates utilized in the creation of concrete are inactive granular materials, for example, gravel, squashed stone, sand, slag, reused concrete, and geosynthetic aggregates. The aggregates might be normal, produced, or reused.

In this article, we examine the chemical necessity of the aggregates, for example, chloride, sulfur content, and other chemical constituents according to the European Standards (EN – 12620).

1. Chlorides Content: The water-dissolvable chloride particle content of aggregates for concrete will be resolved as per EN 1744-1:1998, proviso 7, and will, on demand, be announced by the maker.

In the event that the water-dissolvable chloride particle content of the joined aggregate is known to be 0.01 % or lower (e.g., for extrication from most inland quarries), this worth can be utilized in the figuring of the chloride content of concrete.

2. Sulfur Compounds

2.1 Acid Soluble Sulfate: The corrosive solvent sulfate content of the aggregates and filler aggregates for concrete decided as per EN 1744-1:1998, provision 12, will be proclaimed as per the pertinent classification determined in the books.

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Published By
Rajib Dey
www.constructioncost.co
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